NR 222 - Health and Wellness Exam 1 2023, OVER
300 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Wellness-Illness Continuum
a dichotomous depiction of the relationship between the concepts of health and illness
Wellness
a positive state in which incremental increases in health can be made beyond the
midpoint
Health Ecology
An evolving view of health recognizes the interconnection between people and their
physical and social environments
EX: People are likely to go walking where there are sidewalks (within the community)
Functional Health
The ability to function: can be characterized as being present or absent, having high-
level or low-level wellness, and being influenced by neighborhood and society
Health
a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person's
potential and is experienced within a developmental context
World Health Organization (WHO) Health Definition
the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity, but moves beyond this definition to encompass
spiritual, developmental, and environmental aspects over time.
Example: a person with diabetes may be considered healthy if she is able to adapt to
her illness and live a meaningful, spiritually satisfying life
Disease
the failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses
adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances
Illness
composed of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical manifestation
of disease; can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch between a
person's needs and the resources available to meet those needs
Healthy People Five Main Goals
To continue to improve infant health, and, by 1990, to reduce infant mortality by at least
35%, to fewer than 9 deaths per 1000 live births
•To improve child health, foster optimal childhood development, and, by 1990, reduce
deaths among children ages 1 to 14 years by at least 20%, to fewer than 34 per
100,000
•To improve the health and health habits of adolescents and young adults, and, by
1990, to reduce deaths among people ages 15 to 24 by at least 20%, to fewer than 93
per 100,000
•To improve the health of adults, and, by 1990, to reduce deaths among people ages 25
,to 64 by at least 25%, to fewer than 400 per 100,000
•To improve the health and quality of life for older adults, and, by 1990, to reduce the
average annual number of days of restricted activity attributable to acute and chronic
conditions by 20%, to fewer than 30 days per year for people 65 and older
Healthy People 2000 Main Goals
•Increase the span of healthy life.
•Reduce health disparities.
•Create access to preventive services for all.
Healthy People 2010 Main Goals
•Increase quality and years of healthy life.
•Eliminate health disparities.
Healthy People 2020 Main Goals
•Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
•Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
•Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
•Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages
Healthy People 2020 Focus Areas
Adolescent Health; Blood Disorders and Blood Safety; Dementias, Including Alzheimer's
Disease; Early and Middle Childhood; Genomics; Global Health; Healthcare-Associated
Infections; Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-Being; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and
Transgender Health; Older Adults; Preparedness; Sleep Health; and Social
Determinants of Health
Ethnocentrism
to be aware of their own beliefs, values, and customs and how these ideas translate into
behavior
Racism
a devaluing of the beliefs, values, and customs of others
Empathy
ability to view other persons' situations from their perspective
Benefits of Physical Activity
contribute to the maintenance or improvement in mobility, which improves the quality of
life and prevents disability and it enhances positive mental health through stress
reduction and physical fitness, which contribute to the development of healthy behaviors
Levels of Prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary, and passive
Primary
health promotion and specific protection
example: If a person loves to swim and being out in the sun then they should wear
sunblock to prevent skin cancer.
, Secondary
early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and disability limitation.
example: Women who are at a high risk of breast cancer due to their age group should
go in for screenings.
Tertiary
Restoration and rehabilitation
example: A woman who has breast cancer should go through chemotherapy to kill the
cancerous cells.
Passive Primary
Things you do not necessarily do on purpose but it is there for you
example: Vitamin D in milk; Drinking milk.
Active Primary
You are personally involved
example: Working out to prevent obesity.
Health Promotion - O'Donnell
the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of
optimal health. -
Health Promotion - Krueter and Devore
the process of advocating health in order to enhance the probability that personal
(individual, family, and community), private (professional and business), and public
(federal, state, and local government) support of positive health practices will become a
societal norm
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
incorporates Stages of Change (readiness to take action), Decisional Balance (benefits
to and detractors from changing a behavior), Self-Efficacy (personal confidence in
making a change), and Processes of Change (cognitive, affective, and behavioral
activities facilitating change)
Precontemplative
not considering change
Contemplative
aware of, but not considering change soon
Preparation
planning to act soon
Action
has begun to make behavioral change
maintenance
continued commitment to behavior
relapse
reverted back to old behavior
Goals of Health Education
1. to inculcate a sense of responsibility in individuals for their own health and a shared
sense of responsibility for avoiding injury to the health of others
300 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Wellness-Illness Continuum
a dichotomous depiction of the relationship between the concepts of health and illness
Wellness
a positive state in which incremental increases in health can be made beyond the
midpoint
Health Ecology
An evolving view of health recognizes the interconnection between people and their
physical and social environments
EX: People are likely to go walking where there are sidewalks (within the community)
Functional Health
The ability to function: can be characterized as being present or absent, having high-
level or low-level wellness, and being influenced by neighborhood and society
Health
a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person's
potential and is experienced within a developmental context
World Health Organization (WHO) Health Definition
the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity, but moves beyond this definition to encompass
spiritual, developmental, and environmental aspects over time.
Example: a person with diabetes may be considered healthy if she is able to adapt to
her illness and live a meaningful, spiritually satisfying life
Disease
the failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses
adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances
Illness
composed of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical manifestation
of disease; can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch between a
person's needs and the resources available to meet those needs
Healthy People Five Main Goals
To continue to improve infant health, and, by 1990, to reduce infant mortality by at least
35%, to fewer than 9 deaths per 1000 live births
•To improve child health, foster optimal childhood development, and, by 1990, reduce
deaths among children ages 1 to 14 years by at least 20%, to fewer than 34 per
100,000
•To improve the health and health habits of adolescents and young adults, and, by
1990, to reduce deaths among people ages 15 to 24 by at least 20%, to fewer than 93
per 100,000
•To improve the health of adults, and, by 1990, to reduce deaths among people ages 25
,to 64 by at least 25%, to fewer than 400 per 100,000
•To improve the health and quality of life for older adults, and, by 1990, to reduce the
average annual number of days of restricted activity attributable to acute and chronic
conditions by 20%, to fewer than 30 days per year for people 65 and older
Healthy People 2000 Main Goals
•Increase the span of healthy life.
•Reduce health disparities.
•Create access to preventive services for all.
Healthy People 2010 Main Goals
•Increase quality and years of healthy life.
•Eliminate health disparities.
Healthy People 2020 Main Goals
•Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
•Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
•Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
•Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages
Healthy People 2020 Focus Areas
Adolescent Health; Blood Disorders and Blood Safety; Dementias, Including Alzheimer's
Disease; Early and Middle Childhood; Genomics; Global Health; Healthcare-Associated
Infections; Health-Related Quality of Life and Well-Being; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and
Transgender Health; Older Adults; Preparedness; Sleep Health; and Social
Determinants of Health
Ethnocentrism
to be aware of their own beliefs, values, and customs and how these ideas translate into
behavior
Racism
a devaluing of the beliefs, values, and customs of others
Empathy
ability to view other persons' situations from their perspective
Benefits of Physical Activity
contribute to the maintenance or improvement in mobility, which improves the quality of
life and prevents disability and it enhances positive mental health through stress
reduction and physical fitness, which contribute to the development of healthy behaviors
Levels of Prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary, and passive
Primary
health promotion and specific protection
example: If a person loves to swim and being out in the sun then they should wear
sunblock to prevent skin cancer.
, Secondary
early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and disability limitation.
example: Women who are at a high risk of breast cancer due to their age group should
go in for screenings.
Tertiary
Restoration and rehabilitation
example: A woman who has breast cancer should go through chemotherapy to kill the
cancerous cells.
Passive Primary
Things you do not necessarily do on purpose but it is there for you
example: Vitamin D in milk; Drinking milk.
Active Primary
You are personally involved
example: Working out to prevent obesity.
Health Promotion - O'Donnell
the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of
optimal health. -
Health Promotion - Krueter and Devore
the process of advocating health in order to enhance the probability that personal
(individual, family, and community), private (professional and business), and public
(federal, state, and local government) support of positive health practices will become a
societal norm
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
incorporates Stages of Change (readiness to take action), Decisional Balance (benefits
to and detractors from changing a behavior), Self-Efficacy (personal confidence in
making a change), and Processes of Change (cognitive, affective, and behavioral
activities facilitating change)
Precontemplative
not considering change
Contemplative
aware of, but not considering change soon
Preparation
planning to act soon
Action
has begun to make behavioral change
maintenance
continued commitment to behavior
relapse
reverted back to old behavior
Goals of Health Education
1. to inculcate a sense of responsibility in individuals for their own health and a shared
sense of responsibility for avoiding injury to the health of others
