PATHOI 370 MIDTERM EXAM (Answered) 2023

PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM (Answered)
I I I



2023
• Question I 1

0IoutIofI0Ipoints


Gas I exchange I occurs I in I which I of I the I respiratory I system's I structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
Ia



Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response
The Ialveoli Iallow Iair Ito Icome Iin Iindirect Icontact
IFeedback
Iwith Ithe bI loodstream I through I the I pulmonary I
:
capillary I system. This Ialveolar Imembrane, Iwhich Iis
Ione Icell I thick, I allows Icarbon Idioxide Ito Idiffuse Iinto

I the I alveoli Ifrom Ithe Ibloodstream I and I oxygen I to

I diffuse I to I the I bloodstream I from I the I alveoli. I Sinuses

I are I hollow I spaces I found I in Ithe Iskull. I The I trachea I is I a

I structure I that Iallows Ipassage Iof Igases I to I and I from

I the I gas I exchange I units I (alveoli).

Bronchi I are I branches I of I the I conducting I airways I that
I allow I passage I of I gases I to I and I from I the I gas I

exchange Iunits I(alveoli).

• Question I 2

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A Ipatient Iwith Iheart Ifailure Ireports Iawakening Iintermittently Iwith
I shortness I of I breath. I Which I terms I appropriately I describes I this

I clinical Imanifestation?



Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
Inocturnal



Response
Paroxysmal Inocturnal Idyspnea Irefers Ito Iintermittent
IFeedback
I attacks Iof I severe I dyspnea Ithat I occur I during I the I night.
:
I Dyspnea I is I a Igeneral I term Ireferring Ito Idifficulty

I breathing. I Cyanosis I is I the I appearance I of I a I blue I or

I purpleIcoloration

I of I the I skin I or I mucous I membranes I due Ito I the

, tissues Inear Ithe Iskin Isurface Ibeing Ilow Ion Ioxygen.
I Bradypnea Idescribes Iabnormal Islowness Iof Ibreathing.




• Question I 3

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What I factor I causes I a I congenital I heart I disease I to I produce I cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-right Ishunting
Iof blood



Correct
Answer: Right-to-left Ishunting
Iof blood



Response
Disorders Ithat Iresult Iin Iright-to-left Ishunting Icause
IFeedback
Icyanosis. IA I left-to-right I shunt Ioccurs I when I oxygenated
:
Iblood I from Ithe Ileft I side Iof Ithe I heart Ior Iaorta I flows Iback

Iinto Ithe Iright I side I to Ibe I recirculated I through Ithe Ilungs.

IThe Iblood I reaching Ithe I Isystemic I I circulation I Iis

Ioxygenated I and I the I infant Iis Inot I cyanotic I (acyanotic

Idefect). I However, Ithe Iright Iside Iof I the I heart I has Ian

Iincreased Iworkload I because

I of I the I extra I shunt I blood. I In Itime, Ithe Ioverload Iof Ithe

Iright I side I of I the I heart I can IresultiI n I right I ventricular

I hypertrophy I and I high I right-sided I heartIpressures. I Large

Iventricular Iseptal Idefects I may Ibe Iapparent I at I birth

Ibecause Iof Irapidly I developing I right- Isided I heart Ifailure

Iand Ia Iloud I systolic Imurmur. IThe Imajority Iof I atrial I septal

Idefects Ioccur I at I the I location Iof Ithe I foramen I ovale. I The

I abnormal I septal

I opening I may I be Iof Ivariable Isize. ISmall Idefects I (1 Icm)

Iare Iwell Itolerated.

Even Ilarger Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Imay Ibe Iasymptomatic
Ifor Imany Iyears Ias Ilong Ias Ithe Ishunt Iflow Iis Ileft Ito

Iright aI nd Itherefore Iacyanotic.




• Question I 4

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A Ipatient Ieducation Iintervention Ithat Iwill Ihelp Idecrease Ithe
I emergence Iof I resistant Iinfections Iis I to Iinstruct I the I patient I to



Selected
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling
Iwell IafterIa Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant

Ibacteria

,Correct
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling
Iwell IafterIa Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant

Ibacteria



Response
The Ipatient Ishould Itake Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered, Ieven
IFeedbac
Iif Ifeeling I better, Ito I eradicate Ithe Imoderately Iresistant
k
I microorganisms. I Viruses I I are I not I I impacted Iby
:
I antibacterial Imedications. I Sharing Iantibiotics I indicates

I that Ithe Ifull I course Iof Ithe Imedication Iisn’t I being I taken,

I and Iso I contributing Ito Ithe I development Iof Iresistant

I microorganisms. I If I medication I is I stopped I prematurely,

I moderately I resistant Iorganisms I are I selected I for I and

I become Ithe I predominant I species, I making Iit Imore

I difficult tI o Ieradicate Inext Itime.




• Question I 5

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Cellular Ihypoxia I results Iin
Selected
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Response
Hypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof Ioxygen Ito Ithe Icell Ithat Icauses IATP
IFeedback
I activity Ito I cease. IATP Iprovides Ithe Ipower I required Ito
:
I drive Ithe I sodium-potassium I pump. IpH Idecreases Iin

I hypoxia

I(respiratory Iacidosis). IHypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof IoxygenIto I the

I cell Ithat I causes IATP I activity I to Icease. IDeposits I of

I calcium Isalts Ioccur I in I conditions Iof Ialtered I calcium

I intake, Iexcretion, Ior Imetabolism.




• Question I 6

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What I is I the I underlying I problem I common I among I all I types I of I shock?
Selected
Answer: Generalized I vasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate Icellular

, oxygenation
Response Although I each I type I of I shock I has I specific I characteristics,
IFeedback I all Iare Iassociated I with I a Ideficiency Iof Icellular I oxygen

: I consumption. I Inadequate I cellular I oxygenation I may I

result Ifrom Idecreased Icardiac Ioutput, Imaldistribution Iof
I blood Iflow, Ior I reduced I blood Ioxygen I content. IThe

I impaired Ioxygen I utilization I by Icells Imay Ilead Ito I cell

I death, Iorgan I dysfunction, I and Istimulation Iof

I inflammatory I reactions.

Cardiac I failure I can Ibe Ian I outcome, Ibut Iis I not I a
I common Icause Iin I all I types I of I shock. I Vasodilation

I occurs I in Ionly Iselective Iforms Iof I shock. I Faulty

I compensatory Imechanisms I may I contribute I to I the

I seriousness I of I all Ishocks Ibut I that Iis I not I the Icause Iof

I all I forms Iof Ishock.




• Question I 7

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What Iis Ithe Iname Ifor Ithe ImRNA Isequences Ithat Icontain Ionly ItheIwante
d Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA



Correct
Answer: Exon
Response
An Iexon Iis Ithe ImRNA Isequence Ithat Icontains Ionly
IFeedback
I the Iwanted Isegments. I Introns Iare I the I unwanted
:
I areas I that Iare I removed I in I the Inucleus I by I a Icomplex

I splicing I process, Ithus Ileaving Iexons. IPre-

mRNA Iis Ithe Ioriginal IRNA Itranscript Ibefore I removal Iof
I bases I that Iare I unnecessary. I Spliceosomes I are Ithe

I areas Iof Ithe I nucleus Ithat Iare I a

I specialized IRNA Iprotein Icomplex Ithat Iremoves Iintrons.




• Question I 8

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Thrombosis Iin Ithe I microcirculation Ithroughout Ithe I body Iis I called
Selected
Answer: Disseminated Iintravascular
coagulation I (DIC)