PSY 140 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Mental Set the tendency to approach a problem in one particular way because it has been successful in the past. This inhibits creativity. The greatest risk of suicide Depression. Those who suffer from depression have five times greater chance of committing suicide than those who don't suffer from depression. Hypothesis A testable prediction that is implied by a theory. The start of human organism It starts as a zygote and ends as a fetus/baby. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system. For example, extracting meaning. Major Depression Two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and lack of intrest in activities. Genome A complete set of genes. Consists of all material in that organism's chromosomes. Random Error Errors of measurement in an experiment that lead to inconsistent values when measurements are repeated are taken. Overconfidence Overestimating one's abilities.To be more confident than correct and overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs. Anorexia Typically in females. They become significantly underweight because of fear of obesity as they starve themselves. Perception How we see something. Organizing and interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events. Hindsight Bias "I knew it all along." After hearing the outcome of something, people often say they could have predicted that outcome. Howard Gardner Identified the 8 intelligences. They are: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist. Cognition Learning. Associated with: thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Caroll Izard Defined the 10 most common emotions. Positve emotions: joy, interest, and surprise. Negative emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, and shame. Random Assignment Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance. This decreases the chance for experiment bias. Catharsis An emotional release. Releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy to reduce aggressive urges. Obsessions Repetitive, unwanted thoughts. Cause the action of compulsion to those with OCD. Spearman's g General Intelligence. By Charles Spearman. We have special abilities that stand out. We only have one general intelligence. Instinctive Behavior Complex behavior that is patterned throughout a species. These behaviors are unlearned. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety. Subliminal Messages Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. ADHD Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Characterized by the inability to pay attention and hyperactivity. A psychological disorder. Endorphins A natural, opiatelike neurotransmitter linked to pain control and pleasure. "Morphine within" your body. Three keys to Scientific Inquiry Curiosity, skepticism, and humility. Antisocial Personality Disorder A lack of conscience. Most troubling and researched. Formerly a sociopath or psychopath. Feel little to no fear, little regret for violating others' rights. Both a biological and psychological disorder. Aptitude Test A test designed to predict future performance. Attitudes Feelings, influenced, by beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. Achievement Tests Test designed to assess what a person has learned. Disorders Mental illnesses. A psychological pattern generally associated with distress in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture. Temperament A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. This doesn't usually change over time. Reaction Formation Defense mechanism that unconsciously switches unacceptable umpulses to their opposites. People express the opposite feelings of their anxiety-arousing feelings. Set Point An individual body's "normal". Maintains that person's weight. When this falls, that person becomes hungry and leads toward a lowered metabolic rate. Synapse The junction between two neurons, one neuron's axon and another's dendrite. Thematic Apperception Test A test in which people express inner feelings and interests through stories about ambiguous scenes. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement. Muscles are relaxed, but the highest brain activity while sleeping. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia Toneless voice, expressionless face, and mute/rigid bodies. Positive symptoms: hallucinations, disorganized talking, and inappropriate laughter, tears, and rage. Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that automatically occurs. In Pavlov's experiment, the dog food was the US. Echoic Memory The short term memory for sound. Can be recalled within 3-4 seconds. Free Association In psychoanalysis. A method of exploring the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind, no matter what. Teratogen Agents, like viruses or chemicals, that reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Mnemonic Device A memory aid that is used with vivid imagery and organizational devices. Homeostasis Tendency to maintain internal balance. The regulation of body chemistry at a certain level. Social Facilitation Stronger responses on well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (Performing well for an audience.) Motivation A need or desire that energizes, and directs, behavior. Heriatability The variation amoung individuals that we attribute to genes. The heriatability depends on the range of populations and environments. Cognitive Dissonance We act to reduce discomfort amoung thoughts. When actions and attitudes clash, we change our attitudes. Attribution Theory We explain someone's behavior by crediting either their situation or their disposition. Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep acts. They lapse right to REM, often at inoppourtune times. DNA Complex molecule containing genetic information to make up chromosomes. Semantics A set of rules that we derive meaning from words, phrases, and morphemes fo a certain language. Unconscious - by Freud A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Two-Factor Theory By Schachter-Singer. To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused AND cognitively be able to label the arousal. Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Axon Extension of neurons through which messages pass on to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Language Spoken, written, or signed words and the way we communicate with others. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon The tendency for people to agree to larger requests after agreeing to smaller requests. Algorithm A methodical, logical procedure that guarantees solving a problem. Accomodation - schema Adapting to current understanding. Accomodation - visual An eye's lens change shape to focus on objects close up and far away. Circadian Rhythm The biological clock. Regulates body temperature and wakefulness on a 24 hour cycle. Bottom-Up Processing Analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works toward the brain. Narcissistic Personality Disorder People have an inflated sense of self-importance and an extreme preoccupation with themselves. Prototype A mental image of an object. Binet and Simon Created the IQ Test. Typically for children ages 3-15. The intellectual capacity is estimated. It is calculated by the mental age divided by the actual age. Morphemes In language, the smallest unit that carries meanings - like prefixes. Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information. Also, well-learned information, like word meanings. Consciousness The awareness of ourselves and our environments. Spillover Effect The tendency of one person's emotion to affect how other people around them feel.