psy 140 exam 3 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

What are the 3 mechanisms of social interaction? 1. selection - personality influences people we select 2. evocation - personality characteristics evoke responses in others (someone who is treated nicely b/c they are a nice person) 3. manipulation - ways we try to influence others .. can be good or bad what were the 2 conclusions of personality characteristics in a desired marital partner? 1. mutual attraction/love is most important 2. followed closely by dependability, emotional stability, and agreeableness What is assortative mating? mating pattern in which individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern What is assortative mating theory? search for similar; people are married to people similar to themselves botwin study: + correlations between spouses partly based on personality characteristics What is the complementary needs theory? select mates with personality characteristics opposite to them - not held up What is violation of desire theory? (buss, 1994) break-ups are more common when ones desires are violated than when they are fulfilled how does shyness affect our health and relationships? shyness has substantial impact on entry or avoidance of situations = can mean less risk taking bc social avoidance and isolation What did Buss's 1991 study in the role of personality on evocation of anger and upset in married couples show? strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional stability. Gottman had two studies for predictors of divorce - what were they? 1. used specific affect coding system that coded communication in the first few minutes of an argument to predict divorce 2. four horsemen of the apocalypse - criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling what is a taxonomy of the tactics of manipulation? what are they? an attempt to identify and name the major ways in which people try to influence other in their social world. charm, coercion, silent treatment, reason, regression, self-abasement, responsibility invocation, hardball, pleasure induction, social comparison, monetary reward. Differences between men and women in the tactics of manipulation? similar in performances except women are more likely to use regression (crying, whining) What tactics do each of the following personality characteristics tend to use? 1. extroversion 2. introversion 3. high agreeableness 4. low agreeableness 5. high conscientiousness 6. high emotional instability 7. high intellect-openness 8. low intellect-openness 1. coercion, responsibility invocation 2. self-abasement, hardball 3. pleasure induction, reason 4. coercion, silent treatment 5. reason 6. use variety, but most common is regression 7. responsibility invocation 8. social comparison What is machiavellianism? manipulative strategy of social interaction, personality style that uses other people as tools for personal gain What does a machiavellian personality predict? high machs = select situations with look structure that allow them to exploit others - evoke specific reactions from them (anger, retaliation). use exploitative, self-serving, and deceptive tactics How does narcissism influence the 3 mechanisms of social interaction? selection = people who admire them, and reflect the positive view they have for themselves evocation = "performance" behavior splits reactions of people - some find them brilliant and entertaining, others see selfish and boorish manipulation = highly exploitative of others How do personalities impact out lives? event -- interpretation -- stress ^--------------------------------' What are some characteristics of a resilient personality? ability to cope, continuing engagement in activities, flexibility to change, ability to seek social support, perceiving stress as a challenge instead of a threat, taking care of one's body What is health psychology? study of the reciprocal relationship between the mind and body. Also attempts to predict health outcomes by using a biopsychosocial model What are the 5 models of personality-illness connections? interactional, transactional, health behavior, predispostional, and illness behavior What characterizes stress? extremity, opposing tendencies, and uncontrollability What are the four types of stress? acute, episodic acute, traumatic, chronic How does the appraisal of an event evoke stress? must include BOTH: primary - perception that event is threat to personal goals secondary - conclusion that you don't have resources to cope with the demands of the threatening event how does stress impact the immune system? study: reduced immune function in med students during finals stress makes us more susceptible to infection, increases the time it take for wound healing, and reduces out response to vaccinations What did Kelly McGonigal conclude about stress? how we think about stress and act on it can transform the experience . The way we appraise stress influences how out bodies react to it. What personality characteristics are associated with the following coping strategies: 1. problem-solving 2. cognitive restructuring 3. support seeking 4. wishful thinking, withdrawal, negative emotion-focused coping 1. + E, C, A, O. - N 2. + E, C 3. + E, N 4. + N how does optimism impact our health? superior health, increased survival rate after heart attack, superior immune func, longer life span, health promoting behaviors How does emotional inhibition influence our health? associated with higher mortality, recurrence of cancer post-treatment, suppressed immune system how do positive emotions impact our heath? act as a buffer of the impact of stress on our health How does personality relate to cardiovascular disease? type a personality - particularly hostility - is associated with elevated WBC count which leads to systemic inflammation. This puts these individuals at higher risk for heart attacks and cardio vascular disease What is Type D personality and how does it impact our health? "distressed" - 2 underlying traits: negative affectivity and social inhibition. These individuals have quicker disease progression, and poorer health in general. also tend to engage less in health promoting behaviors How do we classify "abnormal" in psych? (stats vs social) we use a social definition - whatever society does not tolerate What is a personality disorder? enduring a pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from expectations of a persons culture. must involve impaired social relations. what are the 3 groups of personality disorders? erratic, eccentric, anxious what disorders fall under the erratic group? what characterizes this group? borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic appears emotional, unpredictable and even violent and have difficulties getting along with others what disorders fall under the eccentric group? what characterizes this group? schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid appear odd, and do not get along well with others what disorders fall under the anxious group? what characterizes this group? obsessive-compulsive, dependent, and avoidant appear fearful and apprehensive, and have trouble with social relationships components of antisocial personality disorder? example from class? little concern for others, reckless, callous, superficial charm, lack of guilt, "criminal" element. the joker from batman components of borderline personality disorder? example from class? instability of relationships, emotions and self image, fears of abandonments, self-harm, strong emotions. glencose from fatal attraction winona ryder in girl interrupted components of histrionic personality disorder? example in class? excessive attention seeking and strong emotions, sexually provocative, shallow opinions, need for attention charlie sheen, richard simmons components of narcissistic personality disorder? example in class? need to be admired, strong sense of self importance, self-esteem appears strong but is actually fragile, superiority components of schizoid personality disorder? detached from relationships, little pleasure from life, appears socially inept marked by social withdraw components of paranoid personality disorder? example in class? distrust of others, misinterprets social events as threats, prone to jealousy, hostile and argumentative unabomber (ted kaczynski) smart guy, but turned to recluse to live in the woods components of schizotypal personality disorder? example in class? anxious in social relations, suspicious of others, odd beliefs (like esp or magic), doesn't conform... oddness is what sets this disorder apart from others. DiNiro as Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver - becomes a taxi driver bc he has insomnia but begins to believe he is a lone defender of the sleazy NYC life and murder those who are criminals and even "save" a prostitute components of avoidant personality disorder? extreme shyness, sensitive to criticism, low self-esteem, isolates self to avoid embarrassment Components of dependent personality disorder? excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, seeks reassurance, rarely takes initiative, very agreeable, does not work well alone, tolerates abuse to obtain support most frequently diagnosed personality disorder - treated with psychotherapy but in short term to prevent further dependence components of obsessive compulsive personality disorder? example in class? preoccupied with order, strives for perfection, devoted to work, stingy, inflexible and stubborn monk felix in the odd couple, his wife says he is leaving him and this man is aware that he was a perfectionist, preferred to cook bc he was better. his friend invites him to live with him and this characteristics carry over to his friend's house and he makes himself unwelcome there too bc of his personality What is psychopathy? (or sociopathy) NOT antisocial personality disorder and is not formally in DSM. often a combo of antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders dr robert hare is big in psychopathy Dr Hare describes two main factors that contribute to psychopathy, what are they? 1. superficial charm, selfish, callous, remorseless use of others - similar to machiavellian personality 2. chronically unstable, antisocial, and socially deviant lifestyle example of psychopathy? charles manson - cult leader. no remorse at all for his crimes and is totally whack. doesn't feel ashamed of anything he has done. Which personality disorder is most common? obsessive compulsive @ 4% Total prevalence of personality disorders in the population? 13%