WSU bio 106 final exam 2022/2023 questions and
answerswith complete solution
What are the two key tissues that allow plants to transport water or organic
nutrients, respectively, over long distances?
Xylem - water and minerals from roots to shoots .
Phloem - transports sugars from photosynthesis to where they are needed
In the root, plants need to take up more CO2 or O2?
More O2
Is the need for CO2 and O2 in leaves the same when compared to roots?
The difference is because of what the plant needs at that certain spot. The CO2 is
needed for photosynthesis to make sugar for the plant
If you look at the apoplast and the symplast, which of the following statements
are true?
In the apoplastic route water and solute move along the continuum of cell walls and
extracellular spaces
If you add sugar to water does the water potential increase or decrease?
Decrease
How is osmosis defined?
Diffusion of free water
What is a protoplast?
Living part of the cell which includes plasma membrane
How would you define transpiration?
Loss of water vapor through cells
The Casparian Strip is located in the endodermis. What is its function?
Blocks passive flow of materials into the root vascular tissue of the plant
What are rhizobia
They can generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for plants?
They promote growth through chemicals they produce and they also produce antibodies
that protect the roots from disease. Absorb toxic metals
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for agriculture?
They can increase crop yield and reduce the amount of fertilizer and pesticides needed
What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear sometimes reddish?
It is composed of plant cells that have been "infected" by Rhizobium. They appear
reddish because of a molecule named leghemoglobin, an iron containing protein that
binds reversibly to oxygen. Similar to the hemoglobin in humans red blood cells
What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze?
Atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
What is the difference between endo- and ectomycorrhizae?
Ecto do not penetrate the root cortex, whereas endo grow into the invaginations of the
root cell membranes called arbuscules
Do the mycorrhiaze have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship
Mutualistic
Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style
, They lack some of the minerals so they eat insects. Most of it is because of poor
nitrogen in the soil
How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are
considered to be 'essential'?
17 and 9 are essential
Based on a plant's dry mass, what are the four most common macronutrients
found in plants?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
How can you distinguish a plant that suffers from phosphorus deficiency versus
a nitrogen-deficient plants
Phosphorus - reddish purple margins
Nitrogen - yellowing of plant at the tip and going towards the center of plant
What is 'humus' and why is it important for the plant?
The remains of dead organisms and other organic matter. It is important to the plant to
fertilize it
What are 'loams', and why is it important for soil to be loamy?
The most fertile topsoil, it is important because in loams there is enough space to
deliver oxygen to the roots. Made up of sand silt and clay
Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality?
It is important because if the soil is to acidic then a molecule might bond to the soil to
much causing the plant to not be able to take in the nutrient
Why are cations difficult to get access to in the soil?
They are difficult because they bond tightly to the soil so another cation has to come
break their bond
Clay is negatively charged and tightly bind to cations making it difficult to uptake from
soil
What does the term 'cation exchange' means?
Process by which cations are displaced from soil particle by other cations
Are anions also difficult to take up from the soil by plants?
They are easier to take up from the soil but harder to come by do to being lost during
leaching because they do not bond to the negatively charged soil ions
What does the term heterospory means?
production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants.
What defines an ovule
Female gametophyte
What are the advantages of having reduced gametophytes?
Gametophytes can develop from spores and be shielded from UV light. This also allows
the dependent gametophytes to gain nutrients from the sporophyte.
What are the evolutionary advantages of a seed?
Seed are multicellular, a seed can be dormant for a long time, supply of stored food
How does the role of the sporophyte change if you go from lower land plants
(bryophytes) to higher land plants (e.g. gymnosperms or angiosperms)?
Sporophytes in lower land plants is more for reproductive purposes
What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule
The ovary holds the ovules
In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen?
answerswith complete solution
What are the two key tissues that allow plants to transport water or organic
nutrients, respectively, over long distances?
Xylem - water and minerals from roots to shoots .
Phloem - transports sugars from photosynthesis to where they are needed
In the root, plants need to take up more CO2 or O2?
More O2
Is the need for CO2 and O2 in leaves the same when compared to roots?
The difference is because of what the plant needs at that certain spot. The CO2 is
needed for photosynthesis to make sugar for the plant
If you look at the apoplast and the symplast, which of the following statements
are true?
In the apoplastic route water and solute move along the continuum of cell walls and
extracellular spaces
If you add sugar to water does the water potential increase or decrease?
Decrease
How is osmosis defined?
Diffusion of free water
What is a protoplast?
Living part of the cell which includes plasma membrane
How would you define transpiration?
Loss of water vapor through cells
The Casparian Strip is located in the endodermis. What is its function?
Blocks passive flow of materials into the root vascular tissue of the plant
What are rhizobia
They can generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for plants?
They promote growth through chemicals they produce and they also produce antibodies
that protect the roots from disease. Absorb toxic metals
Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for agriculture?
They can increase crop yield and reduce the amount of fertilizer and pesticides needed
What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear sometimes reddish?
It is composed of plant cells that have been "infected" by Rhizobium. They appear
reddish because of a molecule named leghemoglobin, an iron containing protein that
binds reversibly to oxygen. Similar to the hemoglobin in humans red blood cells
What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze?
Atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
What is the difference between endo- and ectomycorrhizae?
Ecto do not penetrate the root cortex, whereas endo grow into the invaginations of the
root cell membranes called arbuscules
Do the mycorrhiaze have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship
Mutualistic
Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style
, They lack some of the minerals so they eat insects. Most of it is because of poor
nitrogen in the soil
How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are
considered to be 'essential'?
17 and 9 are essential
Based on a plant's dry mass, what are the four most common macronutrients
found in plants?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
How can you distinguish a plant that suffers from phosphorus deficiency versus
a nitrogen-deficient plants
Phosphorus - reddish purple margins
Nitrogen - yellowing of plant at the tip and going towards the center of plant
What is 'humus' and why is it important for the plant?
The remains of dead organisms and other organic matter. It is important to the plant to
fertilize it
What are 'loams', and why is it important for soil to be loamy?
The most fertile topsoil, it is important because in loams there is enough space to
deliver oxygen to the roots. Made up of sand silt and clay
Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality?
It is important because if the soil is to acidic then a molecule might bond to the soil to
much causing the plant to not be able to take in the nutrient
Why are cations difficult to get access to in the soil?
They are difficult because they bond tightly to the soil so another cation has to come
break their bond
Clay is negatively charged and tightly bind to cations making it difficult to uptake from
soil
What does the term 'cation exchange' means?
Process by which cations are displaced from soil particle by other cations
Are anions also difficult to take up from the soil by plants?
They are easier to take up from the soil but harder to come by do to being lost during
leaching because they do not bond to the negatively charged soil ions
What does the term heterospory means?
production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants.
What defines an ovule
Female gametophyte
What are the advantages of having reduced gametophytes?
Gametophytes can develop from spores and be shielded from UV light. This also allows
the dependent gametophytes to gain nutrients from the sporophyte.
What are the evolutionary advantages of a seed?
Seed are multicellular, a seed can be dormant for a long time, supply of stored food
How does the role of the sporophyte change if you go from lower land plants
(bryophytes) to higher land plants (e.g. gymnosperms or angiosperms)?
Sporophytes in lower land plants is more for reproductive purposes
What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule
The ovary holds the ovules
In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen?
