CIS105 Survey Computer Information Systems Final Study Guide
Lesson 1: Networks, Internet and Computer Technology
Modem: the device that connects your home network to the Internet.
GPU: organizes the pixels on the screen to display the requested information and then
sends the information out to the screen for the user to see (output).
Nodes: assist in the processing of the information by routing information to the correct
server.
LAN: Connects to local (public) network, i.e. coffee shop.
PAN: Personal area network, i.e. smartphone bluetooth.
Blog: a web page that presents information in chronological order and reads like a
journal.
Computer network: a group of devices that are connected to share information.
ROM: Read-only memory. Permanent storage for data and programs that saves even
when off ;easily and quickly upgrades on most smartphones.
RAM: Random access memory. Temporary storage for data and programs that assists the
CPU in processing. A small and long chip, easily upgraded.
Motherboard: the circuit board that connects to all other circuit boards in the computer.
ANCIENT COMPUTERS
● The idea of the first computer started in 2800 BC (Stonehenge).
● Asia; The Age of Commerce - the abacus (first true predecessor to any adding
machine) was created.
● Blaise Pascal created the first mathematical adding machine in 1642. Designed on
the integration of gears in increments of 10 [still used in odometers].
ANALOG COMPUTERS
● Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine & Difference Engine in 1830s.
● Herman Hollerath developed device that automatically reads the information in
1890 - started the International Business Machines (IBM).
BINARY SYSTEMS
● Composed of 0s and 1s.
○ 0 represented no hole, 1 represented a hole within a punch card system.
○ Bit: a single occurrence of a binary system (0 or 1).
, ● The Mark 1 (IBM) was the first computer to use the binary system.
● First truly programmable computer - Electrical Numerical Integrator produced
1946-1955 (took up 1,800 sq. ft. floor space… 18,000 vacuum tubes and needed to
remain at room temperature).
● 1947 - John VonNewmann designed The Stored-Program Technique, enabled end
user to control programming w/o first modifying hardware.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
● William Gates and Paul Allen came up with an idea for an operating system and
approached MITS. They worked from Basic Programming language (1963 - Kirtz
and Kemeny).
○ Designed this to work for ALTAIR. Used As, Bs and Cs rather than 0s and
1s.
■ Ultimately lead to the start of Microsoft.
● FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C., ALGOL.
○ FORTRAN: One of the first high-level program languages designed to
work with 0s and 1s.
○ COBOL: Created to produce apps for business - emerged storing data in
separate area from programming files.
○ C: (derived from ALGOL), which was designed to control computer
hardware -- predecessor of C, C++.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
I. Desktop: A PC designed to be placed on desk top. Generally less expensive, more
powerful and less chance of theft.
II. Laptop: Portable PC. Battery powered, has less power and less cords and wires.
III. Tablet: Computer contained to the screen - super portable and uses wi-fi or data.
IV. Smartphone: Hand-held, productive computer. Touch-screen, has storage, camera,
and internet access.
V. Wearable: Watch - smartwatch, has small battery, small lifespan but can access
alarms, the internet and health-related applications.
VI. Servers: A computer that provides services to other computers [some businesses
have a server room].
VII. Supercomputer: A computer or group of computers working together to process
trillions of bits of information per second.
,HOW COMPUTERS WORK
● CPU: Central Processing Unit - the control center. The computer’s brain. It
controls and manages all other computer parts. (the faster the CPU, the faster the
computer can perform requests)
● Memory:
○ ROM (read-only memory): permanent storage for data and programs.
○ RAM (random access memory): temporary storage for data and programs.
● Motherboard: Central circuit board containing all system components needed to
run the computer and provides a connection for the attached components.
[Desktop > laptop]
● Input: Describe devices that send data to the computer.
● Output: Describes devices that receives data from computer’s CPU.
● Keyboard: A group of small circuits connected to a processor that collects info
upon being pressed.
● Mouse: Optical mouse - uses light to detect movement from the hand. RIGHT and
LEFT clicks work for various commands.
● Monitor: Display device that projects digital signal from the graphical processing
card into a visual display of color, text and graphics.
NETWORKING
● Network: Collection of items, people or things that are connected to share
information.
● Social Network: Group of family/friends interconnected to share information.
● Computer Network: Computers digitally sharing information with other
computers, printers and servers.
* Internet is the most commonly used and known network today.
● WAN (wide area network): When networks need to connect multiple large areas to
form a single network [ex: college]
● LAN (local area network): A network of devices connected to share information -
public area [ex: coffee shop]
○ HAN (home area network): Located in the privacy of one’s home with
trusted connections - most common LAN.
● PAN (personal area network): Offers a short range of connectivity for personal
devices [ex: smartphone].
, HOME NETWORKS
● Router: Allows devices in the home to connect and share information.
● Modem: (must connect to the router), connects and communicates with an Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
○ ISP: provides Internet for a fee/subscription (often the router & modem are
one device now).
● NIC (network interface card): Provides a non-stop connection to the network. A
circuit board that connects to the motherboard and translates data that is sent to the
router, then the router sends the instructions to its destination.
The Internet:
> Composed of billions of clients, servers and nodes.
● Client: initiates a request for information.
● Server: machine that receives the request, processes it and then returns it to the
client.
● Nodes: devices that route information to the correct server.
● Protocols: *Data cannot exist without protocols!*
○ Sets of communication rules that enable digital devices to communicate
using the same language to assist in directing information requests to the
right destination.
■ Ex: Accessing a web page uses HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol).
● Internet Protocol (IP): Set of rules that ensures data is properly sent from one
system to another.
USING THE INTERNET:
● Web Browser: A software program that accesses and displays information from
the web using http to display texts and graphics on a web page.
○ A digital document that is reached by URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
○ A website is a collection of related web pages.
■ Web pages are commonly written in HTML (hypertext markup
language).
Lesson 1: Networks, Internet and Computer Technology
Modem: the device that connects your home network to the Internet.
GPU: organizes the pixels on the screen to display the requested information and then
sends the information out to the screen for the user to see (output).
Nodes: assist in the processing of the information by routing information to the correct
server.
LAN: Connects to local (public) network, i.e. coffee shop.
PAN: Personal area network, i.e. smartphone bluetooth.
Blog: a web page that presents information in chronological order and reads like a
journal.
Computer network: a group of devices that are connected to share information.
ROM: Read-only memory. Permanent storage for data and programs that saves even
when off ;easily and quickly upgrades on most smartphones.
RAM: Random access memory. Temporary storage for data and programs that assists the
CPU in processing. A small and long chip, easily upgraded.
Motherboard: the circuit board that connects to all other circuit boards in the computer.
ANCIENT COMPUTERS
● The idea of the first computer started in 2800 BC (Stonehenge).
● Asia; The Age of Commerce - the abacus (first true predecessor to any adding
machine) was created.
● Blaise Pascal created the first mathematical adding machine in 1642. Designed on
the integration of gears in increments of 10 [still used in odometers].
ANALOG COMPUTERS
● Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine & Difference Engine in 1830s.
● Herman Hollerath developed device that automatically reads the information in
1890 - started the International Business Machines (IBM).
BINARY SYSTEMS
● Composed of 0s and 1s.
○ 0 represented no hole, 1 represented a hole within a punch card system.
○ Bit: a single occurrence of a binary system (0 or 1).
, ● The Mark 1 (IBM) was the first computer to use the binary system.
● First truly programmable computer - Electrical Numerical Integrator produced
1946-1955 (took up 1,800 sq. ft. floor space… 18,000 vacuum tubes and needed to
remain at room temperature).
● 1947 - John VonNewmann designed The Stored-Program Technique, enabled end
user to control programming w/o first modifying hardware.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
● William Gates and Paul Allen came up with an idea for an operating system and
approached MITS. They worked from Basic Programming language (1963 - Kirtz
and Kemeny).
○ Designed this to work for ALTAIR. Used As, Bs and Cs rather than 0s and
1s.
■ Ultimately lead to the start of Microsoft.
● FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C., ALGOL.
○ FORTRAN: One of the first high-level program languages designed to
work with 0s and 1s.
○ COBOL: Created to produce apps for business - emerged storing data in
separate area from programming files.
○ C: (derived from ALGOL), which was designed to control computer
hardware -- predecessor of C, C++.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
I. Desktop: A PC designed to be placed on desk top. Generally less expensive, more
powerful and less chance of theft.
II. Laptop: Portable PC. Battery powered, has less power and less cords and wires.
III. Tablet: Computer contained to the screen - super portable and uses wi-fi or data.
IV. Smartphone: Hand-held, productive computer. Touch-screen, has storage, camera,
and internet access.
V. Wearable: Watch - smartwatch, has small battery, small lifespan but can access
alarms, the internet and health-related applications.
VI. Servers: A computer that provides services to other computers [some businesses
have a server room].
VII. Supercomputer: A computer or group of computers working together to process
trillions of bits of information per second.
,HOW COMPUTERS WORK
● CPU: Central Processing Unit - the control center. The computer’s brain. It
controls and manages all other computer parts. (the faster the CPU, the faster the
computer can perform requests)
● Memory:
○ ROM (read-only memory): permanent storage for data and programs.
○ RAM (random access memory): temporary storage for data and programs.
● Motherboard: Central circuit board containing all system components needed to
run the computer and provides a connection for the attached components.
[Desktop > laptop]
● Input: Describe devices that send data to the computer.
● Output: Describes devices that receives data from computer’s CPU.
● Keyboard: A group of small circuits connected to a processor that collects info
upon being pressed.
● Mouse: Optical mouse - uses light to detect movement from the hand. RIGHT and
LEFT clicks work for various commands.
● Monitor: Display device that projects digital signal from the graphical processing
card into a visual display of color, text and graphics.
NETWORKING
● Network: Collection of items, people or things that are connected to share
information.
● Social Network: Group of family/friends interconnected to share information.
● Computer Network: Computers digitally sharing information with other
computers, printers and servers.
* Internet is the most commonly used and known network today.
● WAN (wide area network): When networks need to connect multiple large areas to
form a single network [ex: college]
● LAN (local area network): A network of devices connected to share information -
public area [ex: coffee shop]
○ HAN (home area network): Located in the privacy of one’s home with
trusted connections - most common LAN.
● PAN (personal area network): Offers a short range of connectivity for personal
devices [ex: smartphone].
, HOME NETWORKS
● Router: Allows devices in the home to connect and share information.
● Modem: (must connect to the router), connects and communicates with an Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
○ ISP: provides Internet for a fee/subscription (often the router & modem are
one device now).
● NIC (network interface card): Provides a non-stop connection to the network. A
circuit board that connects to the motherboard and translates data that is sent to the
router, then the router sends the instructions to its destination.
The Internet:
> Composed of billions of clients, servers and nodes.
● Client: initiates a request for information.
● Server: machine that receives the request, processes it and then returns it to the
client.
● Nodes: devices that route information to the correct server.
● Protocols: *Data cannot exist without protocols!*
○ Sets of communication rules that enable digital devices to communicate
using the same language to assist in directing information requests to the
right destination.
■ Ex: Accessing a web page uses HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol).
● Internet Protocol (IP): Set of rules that ensures data is properly sent from one
system to another.
USING THE INTERNET:
● Web Browser: A software program that accesses and displays information from
the web using http to display texts and graphics on a web page.
○ A digital document that is reached by URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
○ A website is a collection of related web pages.
■ Web pages are commonly written in HTML (hypertext markup
language).
