The role of the digestive system is to breakdown food from complex chemical structures which can be absorbed and used by the body.
The three macromolecules that compose food are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats and oils).
Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion. The role of chemical digestion is to
further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream.
Each macromolecules broken down into, Carbohydrates into glucose, Proteins into amino acids, Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
How nutrients are absorbed. The broken-down chemical nutrients are then ready to be reabsorbed through the thin walls of villi living in the small intestine. The small chemical
substances then move down the bloodstream to be used by the body.
Metabolism describes all the reaction that take place within an organism. All the reactions in an organism contribute to that organism overall metabolism. The overall metabolism of
an organism maintains life, allows growth, permits growth and reproduction and an ability to respond to the changing environment.
All reaction in your body are catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes are special proteins that can speed up reactions without being used in the process. Without enzymes many reaction
would occur too slowly to maintain life. There are over 700 enzymes in the human body, each one specific to the reaction
The main organs involved in the digestive system are the mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus.
The role of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange between the human body and outside the environment
The respiratory system functions by pulling in air containing oxygen from outside the body and removing carbon dioxide from the body to the outside.
The pathway of air through the respiratory system is; air is inhaled through the nose/mouth, passes through the trachea, into the bronchus, then the bronchi, bronchioles and finally
into the alveoli.
The alveoli is a type of air sac that allows the oxygen and carbon dioxide to transfer from the lungs into the bloodstream and vice versa. The wall of the alveoli is very thin so the
gases can transfer across the barrier, into the bloodstream successfully.
Think of the circulatory system as the main nutrient highway of the body.
The circulatory system carries materials all around your body via arteries, capillaries and veins.
The heart is made up of a cardiac muscle with four chambers.
To restart a heart a defibrillator is used to deliver electric current to attempt to restore the hearts natural rhythm and save the person life.
During exercise, cellular respiration increases, so does the CO2 level in the blood. This change is detected by the receptors in the carotid artery (in your neck) and aorta.
The formula for cellular respiration: glucose + oxyegen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy (C6H12 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy)
The nervous system is a communication network that controls all the other systems of your body.
The two main parts of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of your brain and spinal cord. The CNS recieves information from all over the body,
processes that information, and then sends out messages telling the body how to respond.
Why nerve cells are special; nerve cells have the usual components of animal cells, as well as dendrites, an axon and axon and axon terminals
Difference between three neuron types; motor Neurons - Carry messages from the CNS to effectors. Effectors are muscles or glands that translate the electrical message into action,
connector Neurons - Transmit messages between neurons in the CNS, Sensory Neurons - Have specialized receptors, which are sensitive to stimuli. They carry messages to the brain
and spinal cord from cells in the sense organs.
How the neuron operates and how electric signals are passed to the next neuron; nerve impulses reach the axon terminals at the end of an axon, a chemical called neurotransmitter
is realeased into the space (called synapse) between the neurons. The neurotransmitter message moves from the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron. The dendrite recieves
the chemical message and send off an electrical signal. The neurotransmitters control which nerves fire and when. Neurons are covered in an insulating layer called a myelin sheath
Normal Response, receptors stimulate the sensory neurons, The sensory neurons send a message to the brain, The brain works out the response that is required, then sends a mes-
sage along motor neurons to the effectors.
Reflex Response, Arm muscles are usually under voluntary control, however when you touch something sharp of hot that voluntay action becomes automatic, Receptors detect the
heat on your skin, which activates a sensnory neuron which sends nerve impulses to the spinal cord, A relay neuron in the spinal cord passes the messages directly to a motor neu-
ron, which sends impulses to the arm muscles (effectors) to contract, The contraction of the arm muscle causes the hand to be rapidly moved away from the hot or sharp object.
The endocrine system is a communication system that controls the internal environment of the body
Homeostasis involves receptors that are sensitive to a particular stimulus, and effectors muscles or glands the influence the same stimulus.
Some things regulated by the endocrine system include water and glucose levels in your blood, body temperature and the changes the body goes through in puberty and pregnancy
are all controlled by the endocrine system.
Hormones are chemical substances that act as messengers in the body. They are produced by the endocrine glands, which are located all around your body. Together, all these
glands from the endocrine system. Hormones are secreted through the bloodstream to all parts of the body, but only particular target cells will respond. This is because target cells
will have a specific receptor to fit this hormone, whereas all other body cells will not have this receptor. When a hormone binds the target cell the cell activity will change depending
on the message it has recieved.
The hypothalamus constantly checks the internal environment, which is the conditions within the tissues, organs and systems of the body. The hypothalamus responds to these
changes. The main role of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The pituitary gland is known as the 'master gland' because it controls other endocrine glands like the ovaries and testes.
In situations of fear or stress both the nervous system and the endocrine system play an important role in the fight or flight response. The endocrine system releases the hormones
adrenaline and cortisol, which increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. Blood glucose levels also rise to provide muscles with energy for this response. The nervous
system acts through the network of neurons to work with the endocrine system to increase the rate of breathing and increase the heart rate. Pupils will dilate to improve vision,
sweat glands will produce more sweat and digestion will slow down or cease.
Describe the negative feedback systems in terms of the thermoregulation; If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try
and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop.
The three macromolecules that compose food are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats and oils).
Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion. The role of chemical digestion is to
further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream.
Each macromolecules broken down into, Carbohydrates into glucose, Proteins into amino acids, Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
How nutrients are absorbed. The broken-down chemical nutrients are then ready to be reabsorbed through the thin walls of villi living in the small intestine. The small chemical
substances then move down the bloodstream to be used by the body.
Metabolism describes all the reaction that take place within an organism. All the reactions in an organism contribute to that organism overall metabolism. The overall metabolism of
an organism maintains life, allows growth, permits growth and reproduction and an ability to respond to the changing environment.
All reaction in your body are catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes are special proteins that can speed up reactions without being used in the process. Without enzymes many reaction
would occur too slowly to maintain life. There are over 700 enzymes in the human body, each one specific to the reaction
The main organs involved in the digestive system are the mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus.
The role of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange between the human body and outside the environment
The respiratory system functions by pulling in air containing oxygen from outside the body and removing carbon dioxide from the body to the outside.
The pathway of air through the respiratory system is; air is inhaled through the nose/mouth, passes through the trachea, into the bronchus, then the bronchi, bronchioles and finally
into the alveoli.
The alveoli is a type of air sac that allows the oxygen and carbon dioxide to transfer from the lungs into the bloodstream and vice versa. The wall of the alveoli is very thin so the
gases can transfer across the barrier, into the bloodstream successfully.
Think of the circulatory system as the main nutrient highway of the body.
The circulatory system carries materials all around your body via arteries, capillaries and veins.
The heart is made up of a cardiac muscle with four chambers.
To restart a heart a defibrillator is used to deliver electric current to attempt to restore the hearts natural rhythm and save the person life.
During exercise, cellular respiration increases, so does the CO2 level in the blood. This change is detected by the receptors in the carotid artery (in your neck) and aorta.
The formula for cellular respiration: glucose + oxyegen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy (C6H12 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy)
The nervous system is a communication network that controls all the other systems of your body.
The two main parts of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of your brain and spinal cord. The CNS recieves information from all over the body,
processes that information, and then sends out messages telling the body how to respond.
Why nerve cells are special; nerve cells have the usual components of animal cells, as well as dendrites, an axon and axon and axon terminals
Difference between three neuron types; motor Neurons - Carry messages from the CNS to effectors. Effectors are muscles or glands that translate the electrical message into action,
connector Neurons - Transmit messages between neurons in the CNS, Sensory Neurons - Have specialized receptors, which are sensitive to stimuli. They carry messages to the brain
and spinal cord from cells in the sense organs.
How the neuron operates and how electric signals are passed to the next neuron; nerve impulses reach the axon terminals at the end of an axon, a chemical called neurotransmitter
is realeased into the space (called synapse) between the neurons. The neurotransmitter message moves from the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron. The dendrite recieves
the chemical message and send off an electrical signal. The neurotransmitters control which nerves fire and when. Neurons are covered in an insulating layer called a myelin sheath
Normal Response, receptors stimulate the sensory neurons, The sensory neurons send a message to the brain, The brain works out the response that is required, then sends a mes-
sage along motor neurons to the effectors.
Reflex Response, Arm muscles are usually under voluntary control, however when you touch something sharp of hot that voluntay action becomes automatic, Receptors detect the
heat on your skin, which activates a sensnory neuron which sends nerve impulses to the spinal cord, A relay neuron in the spinal cord passes the messages directly to a motor neu-
ron, which sends impulses to the arm muscles (effectors) to contract, The contraction of the arm muscle causes the hand to be rapidly moved away from the hot or sharp object.
The endocrine system is a communication system that controls the internal environment of the body
Homeostasis involves receptors that are sensitive to a particular stimulus, and effectors muscles or glands the influence the same stimulus.
Some things regulated by the endocrine system include water and glucose levels in your blood, body temperature and the changes the body goes through in puberty and pregnancy
are all controlled by the endocrine system.
Hormones are chemical substances that act as messengers in the body. They are produced by the endocrine glands, which are located all around your body. Together, all these
glands from the endocrine system. Hormones are secreted through the bloodstream to all parts of the body, but only particular target cells will respond. This is because target cells
will have a specific receptor to fit this hormone, whereas all other body cells will not have this receptor. When a hormone binds the target cell the cell activity will change depending
on the message it has recieved.
The hypothalamus constantly checks the internal environment, which is the conditions within the tissues, organs and systems of the body. The hypothalamus responds to these
changes. The main role of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The pituitary gland is known as the 'master gland' because it controls other endocrine glands like the ovaries and testes.
In situations of fear or stress both the nervous system and the endocrine system play an important role in the fight or flight response. The endocrine system releases the hormones
adrenaline and cortisol, which increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. Blood glucose levels also rise to provide muscles with energy for this response. The nervous
system acts through the network of neurons to work with the endocrine system to increase the rate of breathing and increase the heart rate. Pupils will dilate to improve vision,
sweat glands will produce more sweat and digestion will slow down or cease.
Describe the negative feedback systems in terms of the thermoregulation; If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try
and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop.
