NR 325 Exam 1 Study Guide 1

NR 325 Exam 1 Study Guide Endocrine: • Diabetes Mellitus: o Impaired glucose regulation o Hyperglycemia form abnormal insulin production or impaired insulin use o 7th leading cause of death in US o Affects function of all cells and tissues o Managed by – diet, exercise, medication o Either not producing insulin well, or you have an inability to use insulin properly o Affects every part of the body and body system • Pathophysiology: o Beta and Alpha cells are made by the Islet of Langerhans’s o Beta cells ▪ Insulin and amylin ▪ Insulin • allows the uptake of glucose into the cells – give insulin for treatment, cells will no longer be starving and will have energy • hormone made by the beta cells in the pancreas • key to let glucose get into the cell ▪ Liver and brain – do not use insulin to import glucose ▪ Two phase release of insulin • Basal rate – normally released into the blood in small amounts • With meals – pancreas increased release when food is ingested ▪ Normal levels – 70-100 o Alpha cells ▪ Release glucagon • Glucagon – release of glucose from the liver and skeletal muscle o Opposite of insulin, it increases blood sugar o Work against insulin o Increase blood glucose by stimulating glucose production and release and decreasing movement of glucose into the cell ▪ Glucose – broken down for energy inside the cell ▪ Excess is stored in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen • Classifications: o Pre-Diabetes: ▪ Can lead to Diabetes if lifestyle changes do not occur ▪ 2 hour GTT of 140-199mg/dL ▪ FBS of 100-125mg/dL ▪ A1C of 5.7% - 6.4% ▪ Monitor and educate S/S that they are now diabetic ▪ Usually asymptomatic ▪ May/may not require medications ▪ Treatment: • Lose 5-10% of body weight • Exercise 30 mins a day • Diet – low fat protein, lots of veggies, plenty of fiber o Limit portion size, calories, sugar and