,About the Tutorial
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for
creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It
is open and cross-platform.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand
the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and web
applications.
Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML
coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to object-oriented
programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.
Copyright and Disclaimer
Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials
Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy,
distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any
manner without written consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If
you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
i
,Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .............................................................................................................................................
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright and Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii
PART 1: JAVASCRIPT BASICS ........................................................................................................ 1
1. JAVASCRIPT – Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2
What is JavaScript? .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Client-Side JavaScript....................................................................................................................................... 2
Advantages of JavaScript ................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitations of JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 3
JavaScript Development Tools......................................................................................................................... 3
Where is JavaScript Today? ............................................................................................................................. 4
2. JAVASCRIPT – Syntax ................................................................................................................................ 5
Your First JavaScript Code ............................................................................................................................... 5
Whitespace and Line Breaks ............................................................................................................................ 6
Semicolons are Optional.................................................................................................................................. 6
Case Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Comments in JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 7
3. JAVASCRIPT – Enabling ............................................................................................................................. 9
JavaScript in Internet Explorer ........................................................................................................................ 9
JavaScript in Firefox ......................................................................................................................................... 9
JavaScript in Chrome ..................................................................................................................................... 10
JavaScript in Opera ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers ........................................................................................................... 10
4. JAVASCRIPT – Placement ........................................................................................................................ 12
JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section ......................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section ......................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections .................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in External File .............................................................................................................................. 14
5. JAVASCRIPT – Variables .......................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Datatypes...................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variable Scope .............................................................................................................................. 17
JavaScript Variable Names ............................................................................................................................ 18
JavaScript Reserved Words ........................................................................................................................... 19
6. JAVASCRIPT – Operators ......................................................................................................................... 20
What is an Operator? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 20
Comparison Operators .................................................................................................................................. 23
Logical Operators........................................................................................................................................... 26
ii
, Bitwise Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Assignment Operators ................................................................................................................................... 31
Miscellaneous Operators............................................................................................................................... 34
7. JAVASCRIPT – If-Else ............................................................................................................................... 38
Flow Chart of if-else....................................................................................................................................... 38
if Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 39
if...else Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 40
if...else if... Statement ................................................................................................................................... 41
8. JAVASCRIPT – Switch-Case ...................................................................................................................... 43
Flow Chart ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
9. JAVASCRIPT – While Loop ....................................................................................................................... 47
The while Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47
The do...while Loop ....................................................................................................................................... 49
10. JAVASCRIPT – For Loop ........................................................................................................................... 52
The for Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 52
11. JAVASCRIPT – For-in Loop ....................................................................................................................... 55
12. JAVASCRIPT – Loop Control..................................................................................................................... 57
The break Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 57
The continue Statement ................................................................................................................................ 59
Using Labels to Control the Flow ................................................................................................................... 60
13. JAVASCRIPT – Functions .......................................................................................................................... 64
Function Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Calling a Function .......................................................................................................................................... 65
Function Parameters ..................................................................................................................................... 66
The return Statement .................................................................................................................................... 67
Nested Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Function () Constructor ................................................................................................................................. 70
Function Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 71
14. JAVASCRIPT – Events............................................................................................................................... 74
What is an Event? .......................................................................................................................................... 74
onclick Event Type ......................................................................................................................................... 74
onsubmit Event Type ..................................................................................................................................... 75
onmouseover and onmouseout .................................................................................................................... 76
HTML 5 Standard Events ............................................................................................................................... 77
15. JAVASCRIPT – Cookies ............................................................................................................................. 82
What are Cookies?......................................................................................................................................... 82
How It Works? ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Storing Cookies .............................................................................................................................................. 83
Reading Cookies ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Setting Cookies Expiry Date ........................................................................................................................... 86
Deleting a Cookie ........................................................................................................................................... 87
iii
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for
creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It
is open and cross-platform.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand
the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and web
applications.
Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML
coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to object-oriented
programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.
Copyright and Disclaimer
Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials
Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy,
distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any
manner without written consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If
you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
i
,Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .............................................................................................................................................
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright and Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii
PART 1: JAVASCRIPT BASICS ........................................................................................................ 1
1. JAVASCRIPT – Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2
What is JavaScript? .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Client-Side JavaScript....................................................................................................................................... 2
Advantages of JavaScript ................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitations of JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 3
JavaScript Development Tools......................................................................................................................... 3
Where is JavaScript Today? ............................................................................................................................. 4
2. JAVASCRIPT – Syntax ................................................................................................................................ 5
Your First JavaScript Code ............................................................................................................................... 5
Whitespace and Line Breaks ............................................................................................................................ 6
Semicolons are Optional.................................................................................................................................. 6
Case Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Comments in JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 7
3. JAVASCRIPT – Enabling ............................................................................................................................. 9
JavaScript in Internet Explorer ........................................................................................................................ 9
JavaScript in Firefox ......................................................................................................................................... 9
JavaScript in Chrome ..................................................................................................................................... 10
JavaScript in Opera ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers ........................................................................................................... 10
4. JAVASCRIPT – Placement ........................................................................................................................ 12
JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section ......................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section ......................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections .................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in External File .............................................................................................................................. 14
5. JAVASCRIPT – Variables .......................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Datatypes...................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variable Scope .............................................................................................................................. 17
JavaScript Variable Names ............................................................................................................................ 18
JavaScript Reserved Words ........................................................................................................................... 19
6. JAVASCRIPT – Operators ......................................................................................................................... 20
What is an Operator? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 20
Comparison Operators .................................................................................................................................. 23
Logical Operators........................................................................................................................................... 26
ii
, Bitwise Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Assignment Operators ................................................................................................................................... 31
Miscellaneous Operators............................................................................................................................... 34
7. JAVASCRIPT – If-Else ............................................................................................................................... 38
Flow Chart of if-else....................................................................................................................................... 38
if Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 39
if...else Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 40
if...else if... Statement ................................................................................................................................... 41
8. JAVASCRIPT – Switch-Case ...................................................................................................................... 43
Flow Chart ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
9. JAVASCRIPT – While Loop ....................................................................................................................... 47
The while Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47
The do...while Loop ....................................................................................................................................... 49
10. JAVASCRIPT – For Loop ........................................................................................................................... 52
The for Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 52
11. JAVASCRIPT – For-in Loop ....................................................................................................................... 55
12. JAVASCRIPT – Loop Control..................................................................................................................... 57
The break Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 57
The continue Statement ................................................................................................................................ 59
Using Labels to Control the Flow ................................................................................................................... 60
13. JAVASCRIPT – Functions .......................................................................................................................... 64
Function Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Calling a Function .......................................................................................................................................... 65
Function Parameters ..................................................................................................................................... 66
The return Statement .................................................................................................................................... 67
Nested Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Function () Constructor ................................................................................................................................. 70
Function Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 71
14. JAVASCRIPT – Events............................................................................................................................... 74
What is an Event? .......................................................................................................................................... 74
onclick Event Type ......................................................................................................................................... 74
onsubmit Event Type ..................................................................................................................................... 75
onmouseover and onmouseout .................................................................................................................... 76
HTML 5 Standard Events ............................................................................................................................... 77
15. JAVASCRIPT – Cookies ............................................................................................................................. 82
What are Cookies?......................................................................................................................................... 82
How It Works? ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Storing Cookies .............................................................................................................................................. 83
Reading Cookies ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Setting Cookies Expiry Date ........................................................................................................................... 86
Deleting a Cookie ........................................................................................................................................... 87
iii
