Medications / Pharmacology / Drug Guide 2023
Drug - definition
any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the body
pharmacology
study that deals with chemicals that affect the body's functioning
pharmacist
person that is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
check-and-balance system for medication administration
physician conveys medication plans to others by an order called a prescription,
pharmacist prepares the medication, and nurse administers the medication to the
patient
if error is made by any party nurse can catch it before administered to the patient
Pure Food & Drug Act - 1906
prohibits adulterated or mislabeled drugs from being made available
FDA - Food and Drug Administration
federal agency that enforces drug standards and quality
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act - 1952 and amended in 1962
defines prescription drugs from nonprescription, over-the-counter drugs
amendment in 1962 increased controls on drug safety requiring tighter testing of drugs
and written inclusion of adverse reactions
Controlled Substances Act - 1970
law that regulates the distribution of narcotics and other drugs of abuse
Kefauver-Harris Amendment - 1962
required adverse reactions and contraindications to be included in drug literature
Types of Drug Nomenclature
drugs have several names; chemical name, generic name, official name, and trade
name
Drug Nomenclature - Generic Name
identifies the drug's active ingredient, is the name assigned by the manufacturer that
first develops the drug, often derived from the chemical name
Drug Nomenclature - Chemical Name
precise description of the drug's chemical compound, identifies the drug's atomic and
molecular structure using exact chemical language and terminology, this name is not
commonly used
Drug Nomenclature - Official Name
name by which the drug is identified in official publications, official name is often the
generic name
Drug Nomenclature - Trade Name
-also referred to as the brand name or proprietary name, is selected by the drug
company that sells the drug and is protected by trademark
-a drug can have several trade names when produced by different manufacturers
Types of Preparations - Capsule
powder or gel form of an active drug enclosed in a gelatinous container, may also be
called a liquigel
Types of Preparations - Elixir
, medication in a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, and flavor
Types of Preparations - Enteric Coated
a tablet or pull coated to prevent stomach irritation, enteric coated pills should not be
crushed
Types of Preparations - Extended Release
preparation of a medication that allows for slow and continuous release over a
predetermined period; may also be referred to as CR or CRT for controlled release, SR
for sustained or slow release, SA for sustained action, LA for long acting, or TR for
timed release
Types of Preparations - Liniment
medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soap, which is rubbed on the skin
Types of Preparations - Lotion
drug particles in a solution for topical use
Types of Preparations - Lozenge
small oval, round, or oblong preparation containing a drug in a flavored or sweetened
base, which dissolves in the mouth and releases the medication; also called troche
Types of Preparations - Ointment
semisolid preparation containing a drug to be applied externally; also called an unction
Types of Preparations - Pill
Mixture of a powdered drug with a cohesive material; may be round or oval
Types of Preparations - Powder
single or mixture of finely ground drugs
Types of Preparations - Solution
a drug dissolved in another substance (i.e., an aqueous solution)
Types of Preparations - Suppository
An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as gelatin that is inserted
into the body (rectum, vagina, urethra)
Types of Preparations - Suspension
finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium, should be shaken before use
Types of Preparations - Syrup
medication combined in a water and sugar solution
Types of Preparations - Tablet
small, solid dose of medication, compressed or molded. may be in any color, size,
shape; enteric-coated tablets are coated with a substance that is insoluble in gastric
acids to reduce gastric irritation by the drug
Types of Preparations - Transdermal Patch
unit dose of medication applied directly to skin for diffusion through skin and absorption
into the bloodstream
drug absorption
process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the
bloodstream
Factors that Affect Absorption - Lipid Solubility
lipid solubility: cell membranes have a fatty acid layer - drug that is more lipid soluble
can be absorbed more readily and mass more easily through the cell membrane
Factors that Affect Absorption - pH
Drug - definition
any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the body
pharmacology
study that deals with chemicals that affect the body's functioning
pharmacist
person that is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
check-and-balance system for medication administration
physician conveys medication plans to others by an order called a prescription,
pharmacist prepares the medication, and nurse administers the medication to the
patient
if error is made by any party nurse can catch it before administered to the patient
Pure Food & Drug Act - 1906
prohibits adulterated or mislabeled drugs from being made available
FDA - Food and Drug Administration
federal agency that enforces drug standards and quality
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act - 1952 and amended in 1962
defines prescription drugs from nonprescription, over-the-counter drugs
amendment in 1962 increased controls on drug safety requiring tighter testing of drugs
and written inclusion of adverse reactions
Controlled Substances Act - 1970
law that regulates the distribution of narcotics and other drugs of abuse
Kefauver-Harris Amendment - 1962
required adverse reactions and contraindications to be included in drug literature
Types of Drug Nomenclature
drugs have several names; chemical name, generic name, official name, and trade
name
Drug Nomenclature - Generic Name
identifies the drug's active ingredient, is the name assigned by the manufacturer that
first develops the drug, often derived from the chemical name
Drug Nomenclature - Chemical Name
precise description of the drug's chemical compound, identifies the drug's atomic and
molecular structure using exact chemical language and terminology, this name is not
commonly used
Drug Nomenclature - Official Name
name by which the drug is identified in official publications, official name is often the
generic name
Drug Nomenclature - Trade Name
-also referred to as the brand name or proprietary name, is selected by the drug
company that sells the drug and is protected by trademark
-a drug can have several trade names when produced by different manufacturers
Types of Preparations - Capsule
powder or gel form of an active drug enclosed in a gelatinous container, may also be
called a liquigel
Types of Preparations - Elixir
, medication in a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, and flavor
Types of Preparations - Enteric Coated
a tablet or pull coated to prevent stomach irritation, enteric coated pills should not be
crushed
Types of Preparations - Extended Release
preparation of a medication that allows for slow and continuous release over a
predetermined period; may also be referred to as CR or CRT for controlled release, SR
for sustained or slow release, SA for sustained action, LA for long acting, or TR for
timed release
Types of Preparations - Liniment
medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soap, which is rubbed on the skin
Types of Preparations - Lotion
drug particles in a solution for topical use
Types of Preparations - Lozenge
small oval, round, or oblong preparation containing a drug in a flavored or sweetened
base, which dissolves in the mouth and releases the medication; also called troche
Types of Preparations - Ointment
semisolid preparation containing a drug to be applied externally; also called an unction
Types of Preparations - Pill
Mixture of a powdered drug with a cohesive material; may be round or oval
Types of Preparations - Powder
single or mixture of finely ground drugs
Types of Preparations - Solution
a drug dissolved in another substance (i.e., an aqueous solution)
Types of Preparations - Suppository
An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as gelatin that is inserted
into the body (rectum, vagina, urethra)
Types of Preparations - Suspension
finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium, should be shaken before use
Types of Preparations - Syrup
medication combined in a water and sugar solution
Types of Preparations - Tablet
small, solid dose of medication, compressed or molded. may be in any color, size,
shape; enteric-coated tablets are coated with a substance that is insoluble in gastric
acids to reduce gastric irritation by the drug
Types of Preparations - Transdermal Patch
unit dose of medication applied directly to skin for diffusion through skin and absorption
into the bloodstream
drug absorption
process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the
bloodstream
Factors that Affect Absorption - Lipid Solubility
lipid solubility: cell membranes have a fatty acid layer - drug that is more lipid soluble
can be absorbed more readily and mass more easily through the cell membrane
Factors that Affect Absorption - pH
