CHEM 103 EXPERIMENT 6 : BONDING AND
PROPERTIES (PORTAGE LEARNING)
Experiment #: 6
Title: Bonding and Properties
Purpose: Study the Infrared Spectra and physical properties of molecules to determine what
kinds of intra-molecular bonds are present within the molecules and what kinds of inter-
molecular bonds are present between the molecules
Procedure:
Solubility Study
• Inter-molecular bonding can be indicated by studying the solubility of
substances in water which is a Hydrogen bonding and polar solvent. Ionic,
polar or Hydrogen-bonding substances will be soluble in water.
Compounds which have few or no polar bonds or much hydrocarbon
content will be insoluble in water.
Bonding and Properties Substance
• Potassium chloride K+ Cl-
• Ethyl alcohol CH3 CH2 OH
• N-Butyl alcohol CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
• Pentane CH3 CH2 CH2 Cl
• N-Propyl chloride CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Data/Results/Calculations:
Water Solubility
• Potassium Chloride
o Adding Potassium chloride (ionic substance) and it forms strong bonds with water
molecules
o White solid disappears as water is shaken to allow it to interact
o Potassium Chloride is soluble in water which indicates that it is either ionic polar or
hydrogen bonding compound
o Non-polar molecules will NOT dissolve in water
o We can determine polar or non-polar based on the boiling point
• Pentane
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, CHEM 103 EXPERIMENT 6 : BONDING AND
PROPERTIES (PORTAGE LEARNING)
o Add pentane to water; you don’t see a solid since pentane is liquid; there is a layer of
liquid on top of the water
o Shake Test tube and the layer remains there
o Pentane is not water soluble so it must be nonpolar
• N-Propyl Chloride
o Add it to water and there is liquid layer on top of water
o The layer is still there when we shake
o Did not dissolve in water so that indicates it is non-polar or not very purple
• Ethyl Alcohol
o Put it in water and it is at the top of the solution
o Shaken and it does dissolve
• N-Butyl Alcohol
o Put it in water and there is a layer floating on top of the water
o Shaken and it gets cloudy, the layer is smaller but there is still a layer
o Somewhat soluble but not totally- partially soluble
• T- butyl alcohol
o Put it in water and you can see a small layer on top, but it disappears very quickly
and totally dissolves when shaken
o It dissolved soluble in water
• Acetic Acid
o Put it in water there is not a layer because it is already dissolved
o Very soluble in water so its polar, ionic, or hydrogen bonding
Boiling Point Study
• Molecular bonding can often be determined from studying the physical properties of the
molecules, especially the boiling points of liquid materials. We will measure the boiling
points of some* of the materials listed in the chart on the next slide and compare all boiling
points to determine facts about intermolecular bonds present between molecules.
Effect of Intermolecular Forces
o The boiling points of substances are greatly affected by the inter-molecular forces
between the molecule which are holding them together in aggregates causing
them to exist in the liquid state. The stronger these forces, the more energy will be
required to separate the aggregates into individual gaseous molecules (the higher
will be the boiling points of the molecules with greater intra-molecular forces)
o The relative strength of inter-molecular forces is:
o Ionic>Hydrogen-bonding> Dipole-dipole>Van der Waals
Effect of Molecular Weight
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PROPERTIES (PORTAGE LEARNING)
Experiment #: 6
Title: Bonding and Properties
Purpose: Study the Infrared Spectra and physical properties of molecules to determine what
kinds of intra-molecular bonds are present within the molecules and what kinds of inter-
molecular bonds are present between the molecules
Procedure:
Solubility Study
• Inter-molecular bonding can be indicated by studying the solubility of
substances in water which is a Hydrogen bonding and polar solvent. Ionic,
polar or Hydrogen-bonding substances will be soluble in water.
Compounds which have few or no polar bonds or much hydrocarbon
content will be insoluble in water.
Bonding and Properties Substance
• Potassium chloride K+ Cl-
• Ethyl alcohol CH3 CH2 OH
• N-Butyl alcohol CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
• Pentane CH3 CH2 CH2 Cl
• N-Propyl chloride CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Data/Results/Calculations:
Water Solubility
• Potassium Chloride
o Adding Potassium chloride (ionic substance) and it forms strong bonds with water
molecules
o White solid disappears as water is shaken to allow it to interact
o Potassium Chloride is soluble in water which indicates that it is either ionic polar or
hydrogen bonding compound
o Non-polar molecules will NOT dissolve in water
o We can determine polar or non-polar based on the boiling point
• Pentane
This study source was downloaded by 100000841138256 from CourseHero.com on 05-29-2023 04:05:32 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/76705414/Experiment-6-docx/
, CHEM 103 EXPERIMENT 6 : BONDING AND
PROPERTIES (PORTAGE LEARNING)
o Add pentane to water; you don’t see a solid since pentane is liquid; there is a layer of
liquid on top of the water
o Shake Test tube and the layer remains there
o Pentane is not water soluble so it must be nonpolar
• N-Propyl Chloride
o Add it to water and there is liquid layer on top of water
o The layer is still there when we shake
o Did not dissolve in water so that indicates it is non-polar or not very purple
• Ethyl Alcohol
o Put it in water and it is at the top of the solution
o Shaken and it does dissolve
• N-Butyl Alcohol
o Put it in water and there is a layer floating on top of the water
o Shaken and it gets cloudy, the layer is smaller but there is still a layer
o Somewhat soluble but not totally- partially soluble
• T- butyl alcohol
o Put it in water and you can see a small layer on top, but it disappears very quickly
and totally dissolves when shaken
o It dissolved soluble in water
• Acetic Acid
o Put it in water there is not a layer because it is already dissolved
o Very soluble in water so its polar, ionic, or hydrogen bonding
Boiling Point Study
• Molecular bonding can often be determined from studying the physical properties of the
molecules, especially the boiling points of liquid materials. We will measure the boiling
points of some* of the materials listed in the chart on the next slide and compare all boiling
points to determine facts about intermolecular bonds present between molecules.
Effect of Intermolecular Forces
o The boiling points of substances are greatly affected by the inter-molecular forces
between the molecule which are holding them together in aggregates causing
them to exist in the liquid state. The stronger these forces, the more energy will be
required to separate the aggregates into individual gaseous molecules (the higher
will be the boiling points of the molecules with greater intra-molecular forces)
o The relative strength of inter-molecular forces is:
o Ionic>Hydrogen-bonding> Dipole-dipole>Van der Waals
Effect of Molecular Weight
This study source was downloaded by 100000841138256 from CourseHero.com on 05-29-2023 04:05:32 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/76705414/Experiment-6-docx/
