General Chemistry II (CHEM113) ACS Final Question
and correct Answers.
The two states that are collectively known as the condensed states are _______.
solid and liquid
The attractive forces that exist between all molecules and atoms, and are the forces that
hold many solids and liquids together
intermolecular forces
Intermolecular forces are only significant at _____.
short distances
The state of a sample of matter is determined by the magnitude of __________.
the intermolecular forces present
Gases have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ____ volume. These qualities are due to ____
intermolecular forces.
low, indefinite, indefinite.
weak
Liquids have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ___ volume. These qualities are due to ___
intermolecular forces.
high, indefinite, definite
moderate
Solids have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ___ volume. These qualities are due to ___
intermolecular forces.
high, definite, definite
strong
Solids can be ___ or ___.
Crystalline or amorphous
Amorphous solids are composed of atoms or molecules that exhibit ___.
no long-range order
Crystalline solids are composed of atoms or molecules that exhibit ___.
definite order in a three dimensional array
What two things can be changed in order to transform one state of matter to another?
Temperature and pressure
In general, increases in pressure favor the ___ state.
Denser
Intermolecular forces originate from
the interactions between charges, partial charges, and temporary charges on molecules (or atoms
and ions)
,_____ Law states that the potential energy (E) of two oppositely charged particles with
charges q₁ and q₂ decreases (becomes more negative) with increasing magnitude of charge
and decreasing distance between the two particles
Coulomb's
Equation of Coulomb's Law is
E = (1/4 πε)(q₁q₂/r)
Why are intermolecular forces much weaker than bonding forces?
Bonding forces are result of large charges on protons and electrons interacting at very close
distances, and intermolecular forces are the result of smaller charges interacting at greater
distances
What are the four main types of intermolecular forces?
Dispersion, dipole-dipole, H+ bonding, and ion-dipole
Dispersion forces are the result of ___.
fluctuations in the electron distribution within molecules or atoms which induces a temporary (or
instantaneous) dipole
Dispersion forces are exhibited by ___ and increase with ___.
atoms/molecules
increasing mass
The magnitude of dispersion forces depends on how easily the electrons can ___.
move or polarize in response to an instantaneous dipole
A larger atom exhibits greater dispersion forces because
the electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus and therefore polarize more easily
Dispersion forces are directly related to not only mass but ___. This is due to the molecules
ability to ___.
shape
stack efficiently
Dipole-dipole forces exist in all ___.
Polar molecules
Dipole-dipole forces are due to the effects of a molecule's ___, which is due to ___.
permanent dipole
a molecule's partially positive and partial negative ends
Polarity of molecules determines their miscibility of liquids. What is miscibility?
the ability to mix wihtout separating into two states
In general polar liquids are miscible with ____, but are not miscible with ____.
polar
nonpolar
Hydrogen bonding exists in all ___.
molecules containing a hydrogen atom directly bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine
Hydrogen bonding is due to
the large electronegativity differences between the H+ and -F, -O, -N
, A typical hydrogen "bond", despite it being the strongest intermolecular force, is only
about ____ as strong as a covalent chemical bond.
2-5%
Ion-dipole forces occur when
an ionic compound is mixed with a polar compound
Ion-dipole are even stronger than ___ and are responsible for ___.
H+ bonding
ability of ionic substances to form solutions with water
What are the three important manifestations in liquids that are due to intermolecular
forces?
Surface tension
Viscosity
Capillary action
Surface tension is
the tendency for liquids to minimize their surface area
Surface tension by definition is the
energy required to increase the surface area by a unit amount
As intermolecular forces decrease, surface tension ___.
decreases
Viscosity is
the resistance of a liquid to flow.
Viscosity is measured in a unit called the ___ and this unit is defined as ___.
poise (P)
1 g/cm*s
The viscosity of water at room temperature is approximately
1 cP
As intermolecular forces increase, viscosity ___.
increases
Viscosity also depends on temperature because
thermal energy overcomes the intermolecular forces, allowing molecules to flow past each other
more easily
Capillary action is
the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up a narrow tube
Capillary action results from a combination of
cohesive and adhesive forces
Cohesive forces of a liquid are due to the attractions ____
between the molecules in a liquid
Adhesive forces of a liquid are due to the attractions ___.
between the liquid's molecules and the surface of the tube
Adhesive forces cause the liquid's molecules to ___, while cohesive forces cause the liquid's
molecules to ___.
and correct Answers.
The two states that are collectively known as the condensed states are _______.
solid and liquid
The attractive forces that exist between all molecules and atoms, and are the forces that
hold many solids and liquids together
intermolecular forces
Intermolecular forces are only significant at _____.
short distances
The state of a sample of matter is determined by the magnitude of __________.
the intermolecular forces present
Gases have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ____ volume. These qualities are due to ____
intermolecular forces.
low, indefinite, indefinite.
weak
Liquids have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ___ volume. These qualities are due to ___
intermolecular forces.
high, indefinite, definite
moderate
Solids have a ___ density, ___ shape, and ___ volume. These qualities are due to ___
intermolecular forces.
high, definite, definite
strong
Solids can be ___ or ___.
Crystalline or amorphous
Amorphous solids are composed of atoms or molecules that exhibit ___.
no long-range order
Crystalline solids are composed of atoms or molecules that exhibit ___.
definite order in a three dimensional array
What two things can be changed in order to transform one state of matter to another?
Temperature and pressure
In general, increases in pressure favor the ___ state.
Denser
Intermolecular forces originate from
the interactions between charges, partial charges, and temporary charges on molecules (or atoms
and ions)
,_____ Law states that the potential energy (E) of two oppositely charged particles with
charges q₁ and q₂ decreases (becomes more negative) with increasing magnitude of charge
and decreasing distance between the two particles
Coulomb's
Equation of Coulomb's Law is
E = (1/4 πε)(q₁q₂/r)
Why are intermolecular forces much weaker than bonding forces?
Bonding forces are result of large charges on protons and electrons interacting at very close
distances, and intermolecular forces are the result of smaller charges interacting at greater
distances
What are the four main types of intermolecular forces?
Dispersion, dipole-dipole, H+ bonding, and ion-dipole
Dispersion forces are the result of ___.
fluctuations in the electron distribution within molecules or atoms which induces a temporary (or
instantaneous) dipole
Dispersion forces are exhibited by ___ and increase with ___.
atoms/molecules
increasing mass
The magnitude of dispersion forces depends on how easily the electrons can ___.
move or polarize in response to an instantaneous dipole
A larger atom exhibits greater dispersion forces because
the electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus and therefore polarize more easily
Dispersion forces are directly related to not only mass but ___. This is due to the molecules
ability to ___.
shape
stack efficiently
Dipole-dipole forces exist in all ___.
Polar molecules
Dipole-dipole forces are due to the effects of a molecule's ___, which is due to ___.
permanent dipole
a molecule's partially positive and partial negative ends
Polarity of molecules determines their miscibility of liquids. What is miscibility?
the ability to mix wihtout separating into two states
In general polar liquids are miscible with ____, but are not miscible with ____.
polar
nonpolar
Hydrogen bonding exists in all ___.
molecules containing a hydrogen atom directly bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine
Hydrogen bonding is due to
the large electronegativity differences between the H+ and -F, -O, -N
, A typical hydrogen "bond", despite it being the strongest intermolecular force, is only
about ____ as strong as a covalent chemical bond.
2-5%
Ion-dipole forces occur when
an ionic compound is mixed with a polar compound
Ion-dipole are even stronger than ___ and are responsible for ___.
H+ bonding
ability of ionic substances to form solutions with water
What are the three important manifestations in liquids that are due to intermolecular
forces?
Surface tension
Viscosity
Capillary action
Surface tension is
the tendency for liquids to minimize their surface area
Surface tension by definition is the
energy required to increase the surface area by a unit amount
As intermolecular forces decrease, surface tension ___.
decreases
Viscosity is
the resistance of a liquid to flow.
Viscosity is measured in a unit called the ___ and this unit is defined as ___.
poise (P)
1 g/cm*s
The viscosity of water at room temperature is approximately
1 cP
As intermolecular forces increase, viscosity ___.
increases
Viscosity also depends on temperature because
thermal energy overcomes the intermolecular forces, allowing molecules to flow past each other
more easily
Capillary action is
the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up a narrow tube
Capillary action results from a combination of
cohesive and adhesive forces
Cohesive forces of a liquid are due to the attractions ____
between the molecules in a liquid
Adhesive forces of a liquid are due to the attractions ___.
between the liquid's molecules and the surface of the tube
Adhesive forces cause the liquid's molecules to ___, while cohesive forces cause the liquid's
molecules to ___.
