NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam Review
1. Behaviorism: people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
2. Reinforcement: meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
3. Punishment: meant to decrease bad behavior
4. Positive reinforcement: involves giving someone something that he or she
wants
5. Negative reinforcement: taking away something that someone does not want
6. Positive punishment: involves giving someone something that he or she does
not want
7. Negative punishment: involves taking away something that someone does
want
8. Extinction: decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing
reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
9. Constructivism: a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
10. Social learning: learning through interactions with other people
11. Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development: people learn best from other
people who are just a little ahead of them
, 12. Project-based learning (PBL): focuses on giving an open-ended question
and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best
solution to the problem
13. 4 Steps to PBL: 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
14. Critical Theory: a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view
of society
15. Critical theory in education: is about questioning how our educational sys-
tem can best offer education to all people
16. Problems with access to technology: poorer schools can have a harder
time getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
17. Humanism: a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their
ultimate potential.
1. Behaviorism: people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
2. Reinforcement: meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
3. Punishment: meant to decrease bad behavior
4. Positive reinforcement: involves giving someone something that he or she
wants
5. Negative reinforcement: taking away something that someone does not want
6. Positive punishment: involves giving someone something that he or she does
not want
7. Negative punishment: involves taking away something that someone does
want
8. Extinction: decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing
reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
9. Constructivism: a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
10. Social learning: learning through interactions with other people
11. Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development: people learn best from other
people who are just a little ahead of them
, 12. Project-based learning (PBL): focuses on giving an open-ended question
and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best
solution to the problem
13. 4 Steps to PBL: 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
14. Critical Theory: a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view
of society
15. Critical theory in education: is about questioning how our educational sys-
tem can best offer education to all people
16. Problems with access to technology: poorer schools can have a harder
time getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
17. Humanism: a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their
ultimate potential.
