Psychology of Learning Final Exam New 2023 with
complete solution
Definition of learning
relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience
Three different types of learning
classical and operant conditioning and observational
Plato/Aristotle (Laws)
Law of similarity, contrast, contiguity and frequency
Descartes/ mind body dualism
proposes that some human behaviors are reflexes that are automatically elicited by
external stimulation.
James
(adaptive mind)- assumes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us
and that focus on psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes.
Introspection
the attempt to accurately descry ones conscious thoughts, emotions and sensory
experiences
structuralism
assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic
elements that compose it
functionalism
An approach which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around
us, that the focus of psych should be the study of those adaptive processes
watson
observable behavior
hull
(neobehaviorism)- intervening variables to help explain behavior
tolman
(Cognitive Behaviorism)- utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of
hypthothesized cognitive processes.
skinner
radical behaviorism- how environment influences observable overt behavior.
wundt
cognitive therapy. father of experimental psych.
overt behavior
behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than
the on performing the behavior
covert behavior
behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior
(private)
appetitive stimulus
An event that an organism will seek out
aversive stimulus
an event hat an organism will avoid
, deprivation
the prolonged absence on an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that
event.
statiation
the prolonged exposure to an event that ends to decreases appetitiveness of that event.
contiguity
the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their
association in the mind.
contingency
a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event
predicts the probable occurrence of the other.
startle reflex
defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus which invokes automatic
tightening of muscles
orienting reflex
automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus
fixed action pattern
fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus
habituation
a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of
the stimulus
sensitization
increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following the repeated presentations of
the stimulus
dishabituation
the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of
another irrelevant stimulus
opponent process theory
AB process
appetitive conditioning
procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out
aversive conditioning
procedure in which the US is an event that the organism avoids.
excitatory conditioning
procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of the US
inhibitory conditioning
Procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of US
delayed conditioning
Example: if we want a rat to associate a tone with a brief shock, we first present the
tone and then while the tone is still on, present the shock
trace conditioning
Example: If we want a rat to associate a tone with a brief shock, a tone is turned on and
then off, and this is then followed by the presentation of a shock.
simultaneous conditioning
the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simulaneous
backward conditioning
complete solution
Definition of learning
relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience
Three different types of learning
classical and operant conditioning and observational
Plato/Aristotle (Laws)
Law of similarity, contrast, contiguity and frequency
Descartes/ mind body dualism
proposes that some human behaviors are reflexes that are automatically elicited by
external stimulation.
James
(adaptive mind)- assumes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us
and that focus on psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes.
Introspection
the attempt to accurately descry ones conscious thoughts, emotions and sensory
experiences
structuralism
assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic
elements that compose it
functionalism
An approach which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around
us, that the focus of psych should be the study of those adaptive processes
watson
observable behavior
hull
(neobehaviorism)- intervening variables to help explain behavior
tolman
(Cognitive Behaviorism)- utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of
hypthothesized cognitive processes.
skinner
radical behaviorism- how environment influences observable overt behavior.
wundt
cognitive therapy. father of experimental psych.
overt behavior
behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than
the on performing the behavior
covert behavior
behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior
(private)
appetitive stimulus
An event that an organism will seek out
aversive stimulus
an event hat an organism will avoid
, deprivation
the prolonged absence on an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that
event.
statiation
the prolonged exposure to an event that ends to decreases appetitiveness of that event.
contiguity
the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their
association in the mind.
contingency
a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event
predicts the probable occurrence of the other.
startle reflex
defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus which invokes automatic
tightening of muscles
orienting reflex
automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus
fixed action pattern
fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus
habituation
a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of
the stimulus
sensitization
increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following the repeated presentations of
the stimulus
dishabituation
the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of
another irrelevant stimulus
opponent process theory
AB process
appetitive conditioning
procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out
aversive conditioning
procedure in which the US is an event that the organism avoids.
excitatory conditioning
procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of the US
inhibitory conditioning
Procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of US
delayed conditioning
Example: if we want a rat to associate a tone with a brief shock, we first present the
tone and then while the tone is still on, present the shock
trace conditioning
Example: If we want a rat to associate a tone with a brief shock, a tone is turned on and
then off, and this is then followed by the presentation of a shock.
simultaneous conditioning
the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simulaneous
backward conditioning
