NSG 533 Ch. 48 Contraception WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS.

NSG 533 Ch. 48 Contraception WITH COMPLETE ANSWERSDiscuss the physiology of the female reproductive system - Include the four Phases - ANSWERS1. The female menstrual cycle is divided into four functional phases: follicular, ovulatory, luteal, and menstrual. a. Follicular Phase - Begins the cycle b. Ovulatory Phase - Typically begins around day 14 c. Luteal Phase - Begins and continues until menstruation occurs. d. Menstrual - Regulated by negative feedback hormone loop between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Physiology - 1. The levels of FSH and LH released vary depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. Just prior to ovulation, FSH and LH are at their peak levels. FSH helps to promote the growth of follicles in preparation for ovulation by causing granulosa cells lining the follicle to grow and produce estrogen. LH promotes androgen production by theca cells in the follicle, promotes ovulation and oocytes maturation, and converts granulosa cells that secrete progesterone after ovulation. 2. Conception is most likely to occur when viable sperm are present in the upper region of the reproductive tract at the time of ovulation. Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoan penetrates an ovum. 3. Approximately 6 to 8 days after ovulation, attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterine cavity - implantation - occurs. Compare the efficacy of oral contraceptives with that of other methods of contraception. - ANSWERS1. The unintended pregnancy rate for women who do not use any form of contraception is unknown. State the mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives - ANSWERS1. The primary mechanism by which CHCs prevent pregnancy is through inhibition of ovulation. The estrogen component of CHCs is most active in inhibiting FSH release. In high doses, estrogens may also cause inhibition of LH release. In low dose CHCs (=35 mcg), the progestin component causes suppression of LH. Ovulation is prevented by this suppression of the mid-cycle surge of both FSH and LH and mimics the physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy. Discuss adverse effects, risks and contraindications associated with the use of contraceptives, and recommended strategies for minimizing or eliminating such risks. - ANSWERSAdverse Effects: .