.
o_
b~H-~rso1u11 on·. o. s~'Htm wnich Titnt\af\ turvtC _
minm'\t\t\ p\-\ cnanq u Ol'\ tht SIY\011
cunounH of o.c.,1d or bOH,
I
~IUHllAlint- '" l{.Q.WJil.,e. 0 ~ one.
so1un·on ,B s
txact 1~ wii"h o. 1<.nov.ir1
vo1ut11t o~ tht othll.r sot"n·on .
, f
... _...
..,~,..,,,~~~<~,~~~J\
\nd(tator.s ·~
41\n acid ,orue incl1Ccnor 1l -~ .
wo.i-ersolubH
... ( wQ.Ol(Or-go.n,cac,d
)
.
.,
. . . 1.q,acanme.cuurtthip\'\tluring - ~)"' " ~ •'~"' w,.ouocJd Hin andco _baH [/ ti-J
t1\ne.r .o.wQ.o.1C.o.t1d t 1org~ amount 01, +ht rirrationusiog e. 1lH Prti l:lt"' , ,b·,•'~,(<-~:,t' Hrms i,io.v~ ctAf~rutt &1fltense
0 I\T0h9 oa!UO I tof thl O oid (~llO s,ff(t) "w" ,n '"'" qro P"fl" ogoinlt r. ·=:: I, - - ...::.~,;,,,,. (OIOU<l (Pl" in t«lbOOJ<)
~.9- unono
1 i l 0. e,i d w / 5ocl..llJfYl H hanoo.lt
vol . 0~ SOIUhon o.d.d.l.d l91-l tl.ArVt)
,,,,,i. «munw, _- - 11~\\•Wl.q
1'"''
---
__ '•;\-Ji''
,,.,o>, , HI n
wn•n ' "' "
Ht- t I n -
or, e<tu o I ~,,want!
9 • p1-l ch onge is Nor (\ \rH+ 1y prorol'ti ono.l • - • - - - , -•--- ,,, Of w eet K. au cl an d COl'IJLlQcH e
or: o. w~o.Uirut and o. lo.rgrnrnouYl\ o+ H o.moun+ot-0.11<.011 o.acudf-O o.cid :!.':-::"??""""' :r.:,...;.E:,'"':/,, b c1..1e. H1e incl1·co-t or 1'\ at <2n cl r,0 1/H
0. Sil0l\90.c.id ',(lit 0'r thl boSt(AL~ALINf S\lfff ~). pH. initiolly
eg . .· . ,
. chang e.s Sl iQhtl~ ·
•l,\)1tn1n 1-:i.cmtQfe.q,u\.~o.lV'!CJ..po1f\t, \
, · ,J .
·•--c--~
WlO, O (ll l ·•-""C-•HO!
/' t"1;1\ vo.it11 ~ po111-t
Acid
_ ad cud to 1,0.H:
_..;...;...;;;;;;;.:::.._;:..:_::.:.:..:,..:_
Hin -;..1-1+-+i _ ='>~H _ _1n~
r 11 · 1
7 chlOrl \.UL
. . (\Yf\ffiOll l a W/ o.mmOn 1um pH "cfiariQe5 (\,LU'Cl(..OJ, ..__,__.::,.._.
WlO'(O.U 6 (OI0\H 1 ( - - cOIO\.H'Z.
I'\ Shift\ iOltft
eqwllbrJl,HYl
do bU~ft.rs we>rK_. ~ - - - - - ectui\it,ri\4Mtot1ltan•f. ./
'S oH a.cl.cu.ct. to u.tict :
1
Mo.1<.in9
l-11QWQ.0.~0.ttd /0 rl:IOH. ~O.IYl~l~S k'. o, t l-Hl\f". ~nel1co.t-orsno.v~ tl'1!2.ifO,~Yl~O.\.I .COmlat4't. 1-lln 'C' Ht +In- il'\ctl(C\tOf
cui-o n. OF- ~sso uono • ans ~h tthMt c}L\-tffi\iM ...---. 0 • ( . ' ·ptri for on in c:ll°cornr s\1oul o. bHq_uo.1 coiou< '.l coLot.,tr2. co1oud.
(Ql emtd to S.\-il.b1 1iH. pH. 9l-\ b1.1.\'fl r / oUf{-tfS 1-0 pH Of- e.qu1vo.ltnc.q101Y1-t ( IYI .,~(li' ]tlnl I :.') (.OW] 1r1t,
e . g . (.,\-\ _ - ~()'.1' . \~ ut\01\, , 'V ( 1(/n : Cl-l•J or,l<ln t ,,tt, [Hin] \Y . Dtl-nO-C1\
sCOO NCI. --, CH,f 00 tci\t\.l\tAt\'ons il\VOl"h9 t)(~ffll)\tWih" ~o\U~ •wne.ncnoorn'lg w i l-n 1-l'iOn
Sell\- f ully rt1\S6c..totd "I o.nindic.ator· • ·· ,
CH3 coo H .-' t\.\, t GO · ; H: ~IA~tr SOIIAh'e ti!: Q· tol<u1MqH Of Q bu[ft,SOIUri (Jr> 1 4
1
t ·. ; ",~:;~•:,~~
4wo.o.K cw ct ii pot'hoil~ 1on1Hd 4 Pli O!- o. bU~µr so llA tion diptnclS on: MO.cU.. IJ Ymix in9 35cm O{ .:i..omoidM- ~,°'tur°/~~~~~o mo.IQ it tollJ to
.. . . •\(o. Of-171,Hfe.( sy~tm. . t\-YIOh0IC. o.ttd,o ::l,16XIO-S w1rV' d.HHt mCI po inr.
so 1ne.q1.,u\ll:Jfl1Am l'\'\\lCt'UYl thtnort • conc.. ·o.r. w~nKO. t id to cOrlJLiQClt-t\:Ja.rt 30tm'3 H 1.fn,o\dM-3 rod..ium tH1anollH.. 4 eo.slJ togo too _f-O/
nto.t's Of und.iuoc.-i ott.6 Q.thono 1c.ot1d M€rHOD1 '. , /l:)f indno .orn101u: (Cl-l3tooH)..,2.xo.03S--'001-mUL 41Ase.wh11-e..t11i ona\.U.R...f?
H.iGvlJ -~--- '• So11.1non1-o c.omp0-r11.to
•
mo 1tc1.dt1 o.nd ei-no.noo . t)findcon<.of fQO.gints (o,sumt lHA) -= (HI\]) . ' - lU-l3COO-) = ,.no.o:s=o.011-smcl
d.o.t-o.k70H.of. C.OIC1lArJ.
-, ~ht h i~ n [COnJUqo.HtiWe] pU~hU "') r · ,, ., ( run . tqu , v.11cl\\S, i) (.1-1 ) - It o, X [O , 01-J -:. 2. 1-3 ~)( \ 0 -S" }
l ,. , rii'I"'"-°' \'W..l'lll'ltl.K.Q.\n~~IAl>Jttt) (ll -J · o
eq_uiti\'JrilAM H l l~T , ~OCO l\ t . Of (HJ 3°)1U~:111infO to--= CtH3(00-]LHtj .O\U ~-) -p\-1-=-~-~6
J.
1om11vu-4HY10II, TOSIJMMf\12.IH - -1.og \G c1-1~J
c.)91-\-
. " [Ct15lOOH1 tnon9 .,·n du OL bu~fC,r 1111.th'on·.
. . ,' .
l\ctcllhOl)O(- H lotid)
Mt'.i 1-1 OD 2. : ;
_ _ \ ll-\'1-= I( °' X trn1tC\GH1
_ " CH-t.,n
Q.9. Co.\tlAl I' .
chetnge, in Pf-\ of-1,IAH l ~ 50l~ihOn
1
• Lt-1 ) 1n t . lbuf.l,trrq,mov~~ t:) pH - puH0S~1) (Cl--l3C.O~ 1 il'IIU}I-V-OYV\plH~ IOtvr13of o.1mo1d1'YI HU 15
• l HJCOP tOll\W H'ionl l om l H' 10n toOl. . L"1
1
[H'] " !.SJ(l0 & od "-'.d . w h,n o d ;, odd 11> '4 uilis,i am "'' f " '
/11-1"--lOg,,lg,&XI0- 6)
1
, ttv.ill\?11\J\YllhiP·l~Olt~t ¼hrn. px.~ ~-Logu ie~~, Y-a.JYlo\lin9 H cH\dW1H11t c1-1 3 coo- ancl C\l1t({_ual
(Hlihono~Of·f(o,l1C.al1\ I., . o.mountof-CH3COOH 1Sf,.OrM.UC _
,) ~1r, Ii mo1u W o.ad.Rci • 1
101
• toi-n int. -. 1r<n'flovin.9 CH'_J e. . 9. co.lcl.llOJt pl-\ o~o. iJ~lµr t)tH$coo-1" onqonCll "o.g4~lc 1000- o, oo1mo
, lH~1iOlli rrnctw/OH ,_o_ni _ f(om t 11.1.1111tm1Arrl so\ vinonof 0~f S' muldM_ C~3tOO~ CH 3too - ruv1ainin9= o. ol.ls--0,001 -..o. 044 ..
I o,cid cti\lOtiCl+U : . equillkil'lUtrl v,n1thll nlt-Cttd (.\Y\t\O,l_~o\dm -JC\-\3tO() NQ , (i:,1,- tH~C.OOH it> ongonal: 0.01- r
golAp bC. t(lUll ll:/OUl"S\'1ip-tQ
rtiifr\ 1-o ,;9h~ ~o rmor~ H cont. 1 bUHusoiunol1. 1 ·1 10 h1Gl d 1'1'1 · ) · e,1-1$coot1 no"" ., 0.01-+ 0.00 1 • o. 011ry101 <t-
pt 0.-:. - l 0910 (1.t,<10~) I -= u.Hqs-r
1-1 · r-~1,1
i) "' -- It~ _ -- 104x10-c.
ltl-lltOClH)_ -<> e,ho.ngt 1npn . IJ
p -: 1.1-.16Q ... Hog"(~) -= s. 01- ./ crn~coo 1 4_.:) PH~ 4 _S'S ;... , ...4-,1.1-b-14-.\c;
-o .oq
o_
b~H-~rso1u11 on·. o. s~'Htm wnich Titnt\af\ turvtC _
minm'\t\t\ p\-\ cnanq u Ol'\ tht SIY\011
cunounH of o.c.,1d or bOH,
I
~IUHllAlint- '" l{.Q.WJil.,e. 0 ~ one.
so1un·on ,B s
txact 1~ wii"h o. 1<.nov.ir1
vo1ut11t o~ tht othll.r sot"n·on .
, f
... _...
..,~,..,,,~~~<~,~~~J\
\nd(tator.s ·~
41\n acid ,orue incl1Ccnor 1l -~ .
wo.i-ersolubH
... ( wQ.Ol(Or-go.n,cac,d
)
.
.,
. . . 1.q,acanme.cuurtthip\'\tluring - ~)"' " ~ •'~"' w,.ouocJd Hin andco _baH [/ ti-J
t1\ne.r .o.wQ.o.1C.o.t1d t 1org~ amount 01, +ht rirrationusiog e. 1lH Prti l:lt"' , ,b·,•'~,(<-~:,t' Hrms i,io.v~ ctAf~rutt &1fltense
0 I\T0h9 oa!UO I tof thl O oid (~llO s,ff(t) "w" ,n '"'" qro P"fl" ogoinlt r. ·=:: I, - - ...::.~,;,,,,. (OIOU<l (Pl" in t«lbOOJ<)
~.9- unono
1 i l 0. e,i d w / 5ocl..llJfYl H hanoo.lt
vol . 0~ SOIUhon o.d.d.l.d l91-l tl.ArVt)
,,,,,i. «munw, _- - 11~\\•Wl.q
1'"''
---
__ '•;\-Ji''
,,.,o>, , HI n
wn•n ' "' "
Ht- t I n -
or, e<tu o I ~,,want!
9 • p1-l ch onge is Nor (\ \rH+ 1y prorol'ti ono.l • - • - - - , -•--- ,,, Of w eet K. au cl an d COl'IJLlQcH e
or: o. w~o.Uirut and o. lo.rgrnrnouYl\ o+ H o.moun+ot-0.11<.011 o.acudf-O o.cid :!.':-::"??""""' :r.:,...;.E:,'"':/,, b c1..1e. H1e incl1·co-t or 1'\ at <2n cl r,0 1/H
0. Sil0l\90.c.id ',(lit 0'r thl boSt(AL~ALINf S\lfff ~). pH. initiolly
eg . .· . ,
. chang e.s Sl iQhtl~ ·
•l,\)1tn1n 1-:i.cmtQfe.q,u\.~o.lV'!CJ..po1f\t, \
, · ,J .
·•--c--~
WlO, O (ll l ·•-""C-•HO!
/' t"1;1\ vo.it11 ~ po111-t
Acid
_ ad cud to 1,0.H:
_..;...;...;;;;;;;.:::.._;:..:_::.:.:..:,..:_
Hin -;..1-1+-+i _ ='>~H _ _1n~
r 11 · 1
7 chlOrl \.UL
. . (\Yf\ffiOll l a W/ o.mmOn 1um pH "cfiariQe5 (\,LU'Cl(..OJ, ..__,__.::,.._.
WlO'(O.U 6 (OI0\H 1 ( - - cOIO\.H'Z.
I'\ Shift\ iOltft
eqwllbrJl,HYl
do bU~ft.rs we>rK_. ~ - - - - - ectui\it,ri\4Mtot1ltan•f. ./
'S oH a.cl.cu.ct. to u.tict :
1
Mo.1<.in9
l-11QWQ.0.~0.ttd /0 rl:IOH. ~O.IYl~l~S k'. o, t l-Hl\f". ~nel1co.t-orsno.v~ tl'1!2.ifO,~Yl~O.\.I .COmlat4't. 1-lln 'C' Ht +In- il'\ctl(C\tOf
cui-o n. OF- ~sso uono • ans ~h tthMt c}L\-tffi\iM ...---. 0 • ( . ' ·ptri for on in c:ll°cornr s\1oul o. bHq_uo.1 coiou< '.l coLot.,tr2. co1oud.
(Ql emtd to S.\-il.b1 1iH. pH. 9l-\ b1.1.\'fl r / oUf{-tfS 1-0 pH Of- e.qu1vo.ltnc.q101Y1-t ( IYI .,~(li' ]tlnl I :.') (.OW] 1r1t,
e . g . (.,\-\ _ - ~()'.1' . \~ ut\01\, , 'V ( 1(/n : Cl-l•J or,l<ln t ,,tt, [Hin] \Y . Dtl-nO-C1\
sCOO NCI. --, CH,f 00 tci\t\.l\tAt\'ons il\VOl"h9 t)(~ffll)\tWih" ~o\U~ •wne.ncnoorn'lg w i l-n 1-l'iOn
Sell\- f ully rt1\S6c..totd "I o.nindic.ator· • ·· ,
CH3 coo H .-' t\.\, t GO · ; H: ~IA~tr SOIIAh'e ti!: Q· tol<u1MqH Of Q bu[ft,SOIUri (Jr> 1 4
1
t ·. ; ",~:;~•:,~~
4wo.o.K cw ct ii pot'hoil~ 1on1Hd 4 Pli O!- o. bU~µr so llA tion diptnclS on: MO.cU.. IJ Ymix in9 35cm O{ .:i..omoidM- ~,°'tur°/~~~~~o mo.IQ it tollJ to
.. . . •\(o. Of-171,Hfe.( sy~tm. . t\-YIOh0IC. o.ttd,o ::l,16XIO-S w1rV' d.HHt mCI po inr.
so 1ne.q1.,u\ll:Jfl1Am l'\'\\lCt'UYl thtnort • conc.. ·o.r. w~nKO. t id to cOrlJLiQClt-t\:Ja.rt 30tm'3 H 1.fn,o\dM-3 rod..ium tH1anollH.. 4 eo.slJ togo too _f-O/
nto.t's Of und.iuoc.-i ott.6 Q.thono 1c.ot1d M€rHOD1 '. , /l:)f indno .orn101u: (Cl-l3tooH)..,2.xo.03S--'001-mUL 41Ase.wh11-e..t11i ona\.U.R...f?
H.iGvlJ -~--- '• So11.1non1-o c.omp0-r11.to
•
mo 1tc1.dt1 o.nd ei-no.noo . t)findcon<.of fQO.gints (o,sumt lHA) -= (HI\]) . ' - lU-l3COO-) = ,.no.o:s=o.011-smcl
d.o.t-o.k70H.of. C.OIC1lArJ.
-, ~ht h i~ n [COnJUqo.HtiWe] pU~hU "') r · ,, ., ( run . tqu , v.11cl\\S, i) (.1-1 ) - It o, X [O , 01-J -:. 2. 1-3 ~)( \ 0 -S" }
l ,. , rii'I"'"-°' \'W..l'lll'ltl.K.Q.\n~~IAl>Jttt) (ll -J · o
eq_uiti\'JrilAM H l l~T , ~OCO l\ t . Of (HJ 3°)1U~:111infO to--= CtH3(00-]LHtj .O\U ~-) -p\-1-=-~-~6
J.
1om11vu-4HY10II, TOSIJMMf\12.IH - -1.og \G c1-1~J
c.)91-\-
. " [Ct15lOOH1 tnon9 .,·n du OL bu~fC,r 1111.th'on·.
. . ,' .
l\ctcllhOl)O(- H lotid)
Mt'.i 1-1 OD 2. : ;
_ _ \ ll-\'1-= I( °' X trn1tC\GH1
_ " CH-t.,n
Q.9. Co.\tlAl I' .
chetnge, in Pf-\ of-1,IAH l ~ 50l~ihOn
1
• Lt-1 ) 1n t . lbuf.l,trrq,mov~~ t:) pH - puH0S~1) (Cl--l3C.O~ 1 il'IIU}I-V-OYV\plH~ IOtvr13of o.1mo1d1'YI HU 15
• l HJCOP tOll\W H'ionl l om l H' 10n toOl. . L"1
1
[H'] " !.SJ(l0 & od "-'.d . w h,n o d ;, odd 11> '4 uilis,i am "'' f " '
/11-1"--lOg,,lg,&XI0- 6)
1
, ttv.ill\?11\J\YllhiP·l~Olt~t ¼hrn. px.~ ~-Logu ie~~, Y-a.JYlo\lin9 H cH\dW1H11t c1-1 3 coo- ancl C\l1t({_ual
(Hlihono~Of·f(o,l1C.al1\ I., . o.mountof-CH3COOH 1Sf,.OrM.UC _
,) ~1r, Ii mo1u W o.ad.Rci • 1
101
• toi-n int. -. 1r<n'flovin.9 CH'_J e. . 9. co.lcl.llOJt pl-\ o~o. iJ~lµr t)tH$coo-1" onqonCll "o.g4~lc 1000- o, oo1mo
, lH~1iOlli rrnctw/OH ,_o_ni _ f(om t 11.1.1111tm1Arrl so\ vinonof 0~f S' muldM_ C~3tOO~ CH 3too - ruv1ainin9= o. ol.ls--0,001 -..o. 044 ..
I o,cid cti\lOtiCl+U : . equillkil'lUtrl v,n1thll nlt-Cttd (.\Y\t\O,l_~o\dm -JC\-\3tO() NQ , (i:,1,- tH~C.OOH it> ongonal: 0.01- r
golAp bC. t(lUll ll:/OUl"S\'1ip-tQ
rtiifr\ 1-o ,;9h~ ~o rmor~ H cont. 1 bUHusoiunol1. 1 ·1 10 h1Gl d 1'1'1 · ) · e,1-1$coot1 no"" ., 0.01-+ 0.00 1 • o. 011ry101 <t-
pt 0.-:. - l 0910 (1.t,<10~) I -= u.Hqs-r
1-1 · r-~1,1
i) "' -- It~ _ -- 104x10-c.
ltl-lltOClH)_ -<> e,ho.ngt 1npn . IJ
p -: 1.1-.16Q ... Hog"(~) -= s. 01- ./ crn~coo 1 4_.:) PH~ 4 _S'S ;... , ...4-,1.1-b-14-.\c;
-o .oq
