NUR 1172: Nutritional Principles Final Exam 1 Questions and Answers (Latest Update 2023 Graded A+)

NUR 1172: Nutritional Principles Final Exam 1 Questions and Answers (Latest Update 2023 Graded A+) Pancreas: Digestive enzymes, bicarbonate to neutralize chyme and store insulin 27. Absorption: Process of taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body 28. Villi: Lines the Gastrointestinal system 29. Brush Border: Composed of microvilli that increase surface area 30. Cause of Heartburn: Hydrochloric in the esophagus 31. Chyme: Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum 32. Bile: -Aid in digestions of lipid in the small intestine, -Produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder -Emulsifies (breaks down) fat and stores its digestion - The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile - Lipid breakdown would be slower if gallbladder is removed 33. Chemical Digestion of the Small Intestine: Enzymes, Mucus, Hormones, Bile 34. Enzymes of the small intestine: Certain enzymes act on specific macronutrients to bring their final breakdown so the body can use and absorb them 35. Mucus of the Small Intestine: Protects from HCl 36. Small Intestine Absorption: Absorbs most of the nutrients (Majority of the nutrients) through diffusion and osmosis - Lipids, Carbohydrate, Protein Absorption 37. Large Intestine Absorption: - Primary task is absorption of water (5-8 L/day) - Mineral Absorption: Sodium and other electrolytes - Vitamin Absorption: Vitamin K and Biotin - Waste Elimination 38. Lactose Intolerance: Inability to digest lactose - Intolerance varies by individual - Stems from a deficiency of the enzyme lactase - Not the same as a milk allergy 2 / 15 39. Prebiotics: -Undigested carbohydrates that pass into the colon and ferment - Stimulate the growth and activity of healthy bacteria (Increased immune functioninfluence secretion of antibodies, Mineral absorption, Relieves constipation, Colon Cancer- May help destroy cancer cells and toxic enzymes) 40. Secretin: Stimulates the pancreas to send alkaline pancreatic juices to protect against HCl without neutralizing others 41. Probiotics: Live microorganisms- In correct amounts may result in health benefits 42. Lactic Acid: Most common probiotic 43. Clinical Applications of Probiotics: -Helps reduce diarrhea - Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Inhibit of H. Pylori (Causes peptic ulcers) - Lactose intolerance - Antibiotics kill good bacteria in the colon 44. Carbohydrate Forms: -Starch - Sugar 45. Carbohydrates: - Organic compound that provides energy -Primary and Preferred energy source 46. Carbohydrate Structure: CHO (CH2O) 47. Glucose Metabolism: - Metabolized by liver -Hormonal Control: Insulin (Lowers blood glucose) and Glucagon (Elevates blood glucose- Produced in liver) - Steroids, epinephrine, thyroxine, somatostatin, growth protein can elevate blood glucose 48. AMDR: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range 49. Carbohydrate AMDR: 45-65% total kcal 50. Fat/Lipid AMDR: 20-35% total kcal 51. Protein AMDR: 10-35% total kcal 52. Protein Structure: CHON 53. Lipid Metabolism: - Interrelated with glucose (involves same hormones) - Absorbed from small intestine and metabolized in liver -HDL and LDL- High Density Lipid, Low Density Lipid 54. Protein Metabolism: Balance between anabolism and catabolism 55. Anabolism: Tissue building through synthesis of new protein 3 / 15 Nutrition Exam I: NUR1172 56. Catabolism: Tissue breakdown- Breakdown yields nitrogen containing group and remaining non nitrogen residue 57. RDA: Recommended Daily Allowance -Framework of nutrient standards for planning and evaluating diets of healthy people - The amount of nutrients that are sufficient to maintain health in 97-98 percent of all people -Values are set for macronutrient (protein, fats, lipids) water, vitamins, minerals -Used in individual assessment and planning by healthcare professionals to avoid hyperplasia 58. RDA of Carbohydrates: 130g/day 59. Classification of Carbohydrates: -Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)- converted to glucose in the liver to be used as body fuel -Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) -Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) 60. Glucose: The form in which carbohydrates circulate in the blood 61. Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose 62. Lactose: Glucose + Galactose 63. Maltose: - Intermediate product in starch digestion -Glucose + Glucose 64. Polysaccharides: -Complex Carbohydrates - Should be the major energy source - Starch, Glycogen, Dextrin 65. Sugar Alcohols: -Polyo