BIOL-1160 - Lecture Notes - Exam #1 2023 with verified questions and answers

Morphology A branch of biology dealing with the form and structure of an organism at any stage in its life Physiology The study of the biological processes that enable life to exist and function Cytology Study of the form and structure of cells Histology Study of the form and structure of tissues Embryology Study of Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and Prenatal Development Gametes Sex cells Fertilization Formation of life Prenatal Development Development before birth Osteology Study of the form and structure of bones Arthrology Study of the form and structure of articulating bones (joints) Myology Study of the form and structure of skeletal muscles Angiology Study of the form and structure of cardiovascular and lymphatic structures Neurology Study of the form and function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Splanchology Study of the form and structure of the respitory, gastrointestinal, urogential, and endocrine structures Anatomical Position Standing upright, feet straight, palms out, and head straight Suprior Above Inferior Below Posterior Rear Anterior Front Cranial (Rostral) Headward Caudal Tailward Ventral Toward belly Dorsal Toward back Medial Toward median (midline) Lateral Toward side Intermediate Between extreme lateral and medial Ipsalateral On the same side Contralateral On the opposite side Proximal Toward origin (appendages) Distal From origin (appendages) Superficial Toward surface Deep From surface Axial Regions Regions of the head, neck, and trunk Cephalic Head Occipital Back of the head Frontal Forehead Cervical Neck Orbital Eye socket Nasal Nose Buccal Cheek Mental Chin Torso Trunk Sternal Breastbone Axillary Armpit Costal Ribs Thoracic Ribcage Pectoral Chest Mammary Breast Abdominal Belly Umbilical Naval Epigastral Above gut Hypogastric Below gut Hypochondrial Below costal cartilages Coxal Hip Pubic Groin (inferior hypogastic) Inguinal Groin Vertebral Spinal column Scapular Shoulder blade Lumbar Loin (lower back) Sacral Sacrum (inferior vertebral) Gluteal Buttock Perineal Around anus Brachial Upper arm Antecubical Anterior elbow Cubital Posterior elbow (olecranal) Antibrachial Forearm Carpal Wrist Metacarpal Palm Pollex Thumb Digital Fingers & Toes Femoral Thigh Patella Anterior knee Popiliteal Posterior knee Crural Shin Sural Calf Peroneal Lateral lower knee (fibula) Tarsal Ankle Metatarsal Sole, arch of foot (plantar) Calcaneal Heel Hallux Big toe Body Planes Imaginary lines which divide the subject into sections Horizontal Plane Divides body into superior and inferior portions Vertical Plane Divides body all at right angles to the horizontal Frontal Plane Divides body into anterior and posterior portions (Coronal) Sagittal Plane Divides body int left and right portions Mid-Sagittal Plane Divides body into equal left and right halves Para-Sagittal Plane Divides body into unequal halves (Paramedian) Oblique Plane Divides body between the horizontal and vertical planes Dorsal Body Cavities Cranial Cavity & Spinal Cavity Cranial Cavity Cavity for the brain Spinal Cavity Cavity for the spinal cord (Vertebral) Ventral Body Cavitie Thoracic Cavity Thoracic Cavities Pericardial Cavity & Pleural Cavity Pericardial Cavity Cavity for the heart Pleural Cavity Cavity for the lungs Mucous Membrane Lines the internal cavities of organs or passages (Mucosa) Function of the Mucous Membrane Secrets mucus Sereous Membrane Lines body cavities and covers surface of organs (Serosa) Functions of the Sereous Membrane Secretes serous fluid Parietal Pleura Serosa Lines the pleural cavities