COURSE NO. – GPB 366
COURSE TITLE –
Crop Improvement- II (Rabi crops)
CREDIT – 2 (1+1)
,Course No. GPB 366 Credit - 2(1+1)
Course Title - Crop Improvement- II (Rabi crops)
Lecture Topic Weightage
no. (%)
1 Cereals –Wheat, oat and barley - Centers of origin, Distribution of
species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives
and procedures including conventional and modern innovative 10
approaches for development of hybrids and varieties for yield,
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical,
nutritional)
2 Pulses –Chickpea- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 8
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
3 Oilseeds –Sunflower and Safflower- Centers of origin, Distribution
of species, Wild relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives
and procedures including conventional and modern innovative 10
approaches for development of hybrids and varieties for yield,
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical,
nutritional)
4 Oilseeds –Linseed, Rapeseed and Mustard- Centers of origin,
Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 8
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
5 Fodders –Napier, Bajra, Sorghum, Maize and Berseem- Centers of
origin, Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 5
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
6 Cash -Sugarcane - Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 6
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
7 Vegetable-Potato- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 5
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
, stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
8 Vegetable-Field pea- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 5
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
9 Horticultural crops-Mango, Aonla and Guava- Centers of origin,
Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 8
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
10 - 11 Plant genetic resources, its utilization and conservation 8
12 Adaptability and stability 5
13 - 14 Hybrid seed production technology in Rabi crops -Sunflower, 12
Safflower, Castor, Rabi Sorghum
15 - 16 Ideotype concept and climate resilient crop varieties for future- 10
Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum and Cotton
Total 100
, LECTURE NO. 1
CEREALS
1. WHEAT
B. NAME- Triticum aestivum
FAMILY - Poaceae
CHROMOSOME NO. – 2n=42
ORIGIN - South Asia
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES -
Wheat is widely cultivated cereal, spread from 57ºN to 47ºS latitude. Hence, wheat is
cultivated and harvested throughout the year in one country or other. China, India, Russian
federation, USA, France, Canada, Germany, Pakistan, Australia and Turkey are most
important wheat growing countries
Wild Relatives T. aethiopicum T. araraticum T. compactum
FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. Inflorescence of wheat is called Ear or Head. In botanical it is called as spike.
2. The unit is called spikelet.
3. Each floret consist of lemma, palea, androecium and gynoecium.
4. Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic.
5. Each floret has three stamens with large anthers and a pistil bearing bifid feathery stigma.
6. Wheat stamens are small and produce about 1000-4000 pollen grains per anther.
MAJOR BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1. Breeding for high grain yield.
2. Breeding for good quality with high spikletes.
3. Disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
4. Mineral, moisture and heat tolerance.
BREEDING PROCEDURES:
1. Introduction :
Semi dwarf wheat from Mexico, Sonara 63, Sonara 64, Mayo 64, Lerma Roja 64
2. Pure line selection :
Earlier varieties like P4, P6, P12 evolved at Pusa institute are result of pure line selection
from local population.
3. Hybridisation and selection
a) Inter varietal:
A number of successful derivatives were developed at IARI New Delhi and Punjab. NP
809 - New pusa multiple cross derivative.
However all these varieties were lodging and poor yielder when compared to other
countries. Hence the wheat hybridization programme was changed by
b) Inter specific crosses
To get Hessian fly resistance. So also for rust resistance.
c) Back cross method of breeding
Rust resistance in Chinese spring from Thatcher.
4. Hybrid wheat :
At Kansas Agri. Expt. Station USA male sterile lines were identified by crossing
COURSE TITLE –
Crop Improvement- II (Rabi crops)
CREDIT – 2 (1+1)
,Course No. GPB 366 Credit - 2(1+1)
Course Title - Crop Improvement- II (Rabi crops)
Lecture Topic Weightage
no. (%)
1 Cereals –Wheat, oat and barley - Centers of origin, Distribution of
species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives
and procedures including conventional and modern innovative 10
approaches for development of hybrids and varieties for yield,
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical,
nutritional)
2 Pulses –Chickpea- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 8
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
3 Oilseeds –Sunflower and Safflower- Centers of origin, Distribution
of species, Wild relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives
and procedures including conventional and modern innovative 10
approaches for development of hybrids and varieties for yield,
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical,
nutritional)
4 Oilseeds –Linseed, Rapeseed and Mustard- Centers of origin,
Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 8
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
5 Fodders –Napier, Bajra, Sorghum, Maize and Berseem- Centers of
origin, Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 5
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
6 Cash -Sugarcane - Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 6
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
7 Vegetable-Potato- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 5
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
, stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
8 Vegetable-Field pea- Centers of origin, Distribution of species, wild
relatives, Floral biology, Major breeding objectives and procedures
including conventional and modern innovative approaches for 5
development of hybrids and varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic
stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional)
9 Horticultural crops-Mango, Aonla and Guava- Centers of origin,
Distribution of species, wild relatives, Floral biology, Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and 8
modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and
varieties for yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality
(physical, chemical, nutritional)
10 - 11 Plant genetic resources, its utilization and conservation 8
12 Adaptability and stability 5
13 - 14 Hybrid seed production technology in Rabi crops -Sunflower, 12
Safflower, Castor, Rabi Sorghum
15 - 16 Ideotype concept and climate resilient crop varieties for future- 10
Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum and Cotton
Total 100
, LECTURE NO. 1
CEREALS
1. WHEAT
B. NAME- Triticum aestivum
FAMILY - Poaceae
CHROMOSOME NO. – 2n=42
ORIGIN - South Asia
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES -
Wheat is widely cultivated cereal, spread from 57ºN to 47ºS latitude. Hence, wheat is
cultivated and harvested throughout the year in one country or other. China, India, Russian
federation, USA, France, Canada, Germany, Pakistan, Australia and Turkey are most
important wheat growing countries
Wild Relatives T. aethiopicum T. araraticum T. compactum
FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. Inflorescence of wheat is called Ear or Head. In botanical it is called as spike.
2. The unit is called spikelet.
3. Each floret consist of lemma, palea, androecium and gynoecium.
4. Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic.
5. Each floret has three stamens with large anthers and a pistil bearing bifid feathery stigma.
6. Wheat stamens are small and produce about 1000-4000 pollen grains per anther.
MAJOR BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1. Breeding for high grain yield.
2. Breeding for good quality with high spikletes.
3. Disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
4. Mineral, moisture and heat tolerance.
BREEDING PROCEDURES:
1. Introduction :
Semi dwarf wheat from Mexico, Sonara 63, Sonara 64, Mayo 64, Lerma Roja 64
2. Pure line selection :
Earlier varieties like P4, P6, P12 evolved at Pusa institute are result of pure line selection
from local population.
3. Hybridisation and selection
a) Inter varietal:
A number of successful derivatives were developed at IARI New Delhi and Punjab. NP
809 - New pusa multiple cross derivative.
However all these varieties were lodging and poor yielder when compared to other
countries. Hence the wheat hybridization programme was changed by
b) Inter specific crosses
To get Hessian fly resistance. So also for rust resistance.
c) Back cross method of breeding
Rust resistance in Chinese spring from Thatcher.
4. Hybrid wheat :
At Kansas Agri. Expt. Station USA male sterile lines were identified by crossing
