d~narnic.- e9...ui1ibrium ::. rote ofto(U)orcts <.\fHtHd bf t, lt\omogen~,u ~yst-t m) r-o( A-LL ____-:.
ci. A t bB CC t d D
reQttion-= ra+e <¥ reverse reatnon. • prwA (gCU~}) ~i d . all 5~wl ,rmnt ~!:-ACTIONS·
•HMPl!'rih,lre. CO\(U I~I--~ usin9 in n,e rnme phCll€ .. hOM0_90VJ\,l.l = [C]c[D]~
...__~QI q o.ct-ant~ be tO rrtQ. pl'Od.Ut+l,. conun11an·on C, IQM J t\t-lOOHO.nt9 QS an ('(,tu.Cl.I ~MU)\-be.go;el C
Proaurn belome re.o..uan t-J\ . 1-~mpero.t-ure.. p~5inon o+ equi11bnum un" [BJ i.
( ct l
OnC.OfPrO uctJ ~\A t b~ 0. t-10~
w lY ~Hll'Iduno.miC
J lf'\d\toteS wnether
¼-he<e arQ more ~ e 9· N1 (9) I 3 H,t§l 2 NH3(9) [NH3l'1.
fQQctan t1 rema1n1 "
ttlY\p.p rm ure,coflc. a.rt reoct-onrl or produttl doQStH, ~ell u\
u.nc 11 nngl'd . 1
i~~~:~ edb~ ou.ttide . intnuyne.m. a1:>ouHo.teof rQQC.n°OVl -
3 i:., :c
t.N 2)xlHl]
LQCh oteJt er 'J Pri nci ple: lNhen a 1ySHm th al-- 1~ U~\1\ fOR '-l,·-
1 0
in Q.q_u.i J1bnum i 1ubj e.tttd roan ex1-er n 0.1 (CJ ~3 ·<: - - . mo\ -'1. d l'VI • ct m m oL - 1
chan.9e, system changeJ 1-0 minirn1)e. the .e.~ec..+ e/c"" [P-·y1xcp,J ~oid~( ~ ) moiJ.ctrrf' .. tteo t'Je ~int- .
Of. thcH e,honge . , 11
,, Ol +ht ruch·o11 gou t o comptt non .
(ONCENT~ATl~N: · E.o_ui1iori1AM co11Jt-o~+. ,u ~1\1or1uw. il Mifwo.y betwQ.e,n rwttantj + produtl-J.
_ · Jit,vClll.ltoi1:" -P. 0 Jto.of\O~~,IA t re uvoure.do.+
°' _. . ·"-c < 1= ntQc.to n t\ on ~o. v oured I0t . · '(.c "'1 1 • proctut \ o. ciu. d I bn um . f
lntreas in9
n,o.trcint co.ui
conCQ,nt r atiOtl Of-
Ql poithon Of 11.qu1l1bnurn O\l\ OR n ln
/1' 11.ll,vll I bn um.
'ITt,/\PEr(.ArOrt~&..~
+-omo vt,nthe ciirHhO(lthOt dttrC!Q!fJ (\_~
'~ "' - . "';..__ d ·c
. . •J
HrnP 11'1(..l( ,(l(rQl\h ·
€wMn 4-orwo.ro. reuttion ,:i tn Ott'lermi ·, °'
1
~hil intreo.1ed reo.ucrnt conu.n+-rO!hon · . · ,. • il ~xo~herm1c cu · .
1-t.rnp.,nc e,
IC.c.dec.reaJeJ.
--t5yH·em oppOll'} th1~thcm9.e b::J dttrto.1 1n..9 ~~hH +orwo.r ... rw.c.non
1
. ' ,
+h · t on R. \-1.\ inc..
yield Of p rodlHtS
e (e.().c.H).nt c.ont . b~ {QtY\OVIYl9 I • proctuc.t.\ on R.HS cH.C.. .. . H1t~)
yi Q.. lcl.Of l1lq) 'l.Hltg)
~ £q_lA1l1bn·um Shifts -t-o+he It.HS tO,f.OY-r'Y) oe~~MINIMG- 1<.c: l~~~il 0-4~0 o.~oo 0 , 000
Mort.pn,d.Ltc.t1 . e!J 0Yc£0m oJ Of' H1{)"'' 0:is oo rrr o-.. orl1
. -- ,,.,
rnr.•9~
'"""o\O
-0140
'
-0.11.10 t0.4i'O
w~te rn,.-{.ed tugo-;,er '"' a conra,,,,e.r --r 1
060
~tn\Uft'.~ t' ~ alum • 1dm~Ac•qu, /l"!,r 11Al'Yl Q , Hn~l 0.110 o .o CJO o.~l/0
· · ·· . . 11.I\DC..OAT11"~) olofl;_wal prqJenc. !'110\ l
~forga.se.s pr-Q.ssure.e.u.ecri
,
conc.e.nt-ranon . TE1vH1;"'"
' Q
•v"~ •
,mt..1o""'e col'lt.
)-Ii)\ " '" ~ Mol
0110
.
o o60
•
o "+-go
.:.-
-'l ~cu5 in..9 prQ.ssu.re. Of.°' slJSHm, rv:io.l(.Q)) ---Hxod.1re_c» ' ~P· f<\OI ~ propornon by ;.;"i --, 1
e_q,LL-d I bnurn mo~ t-o tne. n- cU- w 1rh tC21l c- endo d1reth OYI ~rn(:tiC1' \JO\\,IIY\ t QI-O go.l [l\l11-
mol.2.) ofgo..s t-c cue.re.A.It. ti-La. preJJure. RJran~xo.reoction·. comparoctt<Jttlt':1 1 't'..t,, ----; 1 1=- \'& .~
vo tum.t of. gose! H'' u-1 11x 1. 1
e. . 9 . C.l-1 4 <g) t-H;_ Otg'J - ~ COtg) +3H-z{_g) 4inc . temperature 4 sysHIYl C1rnixrurt ~ - -=-------::-:-:-:-:::-:-
f-- rQjpond~ t-o oppo1e te,rnp. nJe e . · . ·. . mo\q.<ocliOI' l\o.0Pv1o1o 0f P.
e. 9
t .g .
(_ 0(9 )
2 N 0 2 t ")
fALV~H·
9
f- H,zO l9) ·~ CO2(g"°) + H2c9,
t
----}
\'\O~ff.H-1:
N Ot )
2 9
fof m ,~~I produttJ an
rQattOl'\tL
d moje
erdothQ ic
directiori .
.
nrnur
l
,oo.ction movtl totn~ I.I-IS +o' artio.l Q,. conrr,bunon
·
(I. gos rr,o.\C.Ql
wh1th
toward~ tt'le. toted ·\
rt
Prmu ·
or A
r
partial
.,,.
-=mo\tfrornon to-to.
i1)to,I )"\O . Of-
in o)
rno1.ll
rv,ix11Art
.
(l\ ·· • Foran ,.rndo. rer.lcnon 1 txprt\\iOn\ ~.c.p·. erm1.1r(~A of- P. Y. prosu,
Subl H.\nU. that ~p~ed~ upt-he ro rQ Of ~, nc. Hrnpero ture-l iyJHm mpondJ N,• t3r/ , ~ ·1r-.1r1 ...___ _ _----::_ t P
fHH.h on ~y pro·v1d"in9 Cln atHrncitive t-ooppO)HhHl-10.r\9e, fQ.ClCMnrru,vtJtO e.g , 'r ) · '.5 \~f-incl.moletfrottioM fvQO/
rQtlC'non pat-hwQy of 1owerener9y. (H~ tof.orn1more produtt-ario.Wl k.p =- P Nrf-? o.napo.rhatpre~5u.reJ ~o.lt\ll O.H~
toareverntoJe reac11on,ta~1yJt fQ.O.CrClnt. M~:tn~
. P{Nz.)~f(H 2)°~ 2-:)~ul'JH"iruuvo1vJ.iil'\n .f-rt!YI'
i'"c.reaJ (J r4 tt Of- b0 H, reQ.C./iOnI Q..G\_LtOI IJ -A Mro. 1-ei C\.1':i VOl~,i.cXIC.. -oni~ fO.~~~itt v: '"'' is ~mp~ro.ture <J ;(.r ~)we I\ 1 OYl
~ eq_u,llbn·um iJ reached ~an-er. ~nochongHo poJ,·non ofQQ.Uili'bn\AYY7~\\o.tw,
' >) cult\.l.Lo..tt. l(.p
ci. A t bB CC t d D
reQttion-= ra+e <¥ reverse reatnon. • prwA (gCU~}) ~i d . all 5~wl ,rmnt ~!:-ACTIONS·
•HMPl!'rih,lre. CO\(U I~I--~ usin9 in n,e rnme phCll€ .. hOM0_90VJ\,l.l = [C]c[D]~
...__~QI q o.ct-ant~ be tO rrtQ. pl'Od.Ut+l,. conun11an·on C, IQM J t\t-lOOHO.nt9 QS an ('(,tu.Cl.I ~MU)\-be.go;el C
Proaurn belome re.o..uan t-J\ . 1-~mpero.t-ure.. p~5inon o+ equi11bnum un" [BJ i.
( ct l
OnC.OfPrO uctJ ~\A t b~ 0. t-10~
w lY ~Hll'Iduno.miC
J lf'\d\toteS wnether
¼-he<e arQ more ~ e 9· N1 (9) I 3 H,t§l 2 NH3(9) [NH3l'1.
fQQctan t1 rema1n1 "
ttlY\p.p rm ure,coflc. a.rt reoct-onrl or produttl doQStH, ~ell u\
u.nc 11 nngl'd . 1
i~~~:~ edb~ ou.ttide . intnuyne.m. a1:>ouHo.teof rQQC.n°OVl -
3 i:., :c
t.N 2)xlHl]
LQCh oteJt er 'J Pri nci ple: lNhen a 1ySHm th al-- 1~ U~\1\ fOR '-l,·-
1 0
in Q.q_u.i J1bnum i 1ubj e.tttd roan ex1-er n 0.1 (CJ ~3 ·<: - - . mo\ -'1. d l'VI • ct m m oL - 1
chan.9e, system changeJ 1-0 minirn1)e. the .e.~ec..+ e/c"" [P-·y1xcp,J ~oid~( ~ ) moiJ.ctrrf' .. tteo t'Je ~int- .
Of. thcH e,honge . , 11
,, Ol +ht ruch·o11 gou t o comptt non .
(ONCENT~ATl~N: · E.o_ui1iori1AM co11Jt-o~+. ,u ~1\1or1uw. il Mifwo.y betwQ.e,n rwttantj + produtl-J.
_ · Jit,vClll.ltoi1:" -P. 0 Jto.of\O~~,IA t re uvoure.do.+
°' _. . ·"-c < 1= ntQc.to n t\ on ~o. v oured I0t . · '(.c "'1 1 • proctut \ o. ciu. d I bn um . f
lntreas in9
n,o.trcint co.ui
conCQ,nt r atiOtl Of-
Ql poithon Of 11.qu1l1bnurn O\l\ OR n ln
/1' 11.ll,vll I bn um.
'ITt,/\PEr(.ArOrt~&..~
+-omo vt,nthe ciirHhO(lthOt dttrC!Q!fJ (\_~
'~ "' - . "';..__ d ·c
. . •J
HrnP 11'1(..l( ,(l(rQl\h ·
€wMn 4-orwo.ro. reuttion ,:i tn Ott'lermi ·, °'
1
~hil intreo.1ed reo.ucrnt conu.n+-rO!hon · . · ,. • il ~xo~herm1c cu · .
1-t.rnp.,nc e,
IC.c.dec.reaJeJ.
--t5yH·em oppOll'} th1~thcm9.e b::J dttrto.1 1n..9 ~~hH +orwo.r ... rw.c.non
1
. ' ,
+h · t on R. \-1.\ inc..
yield Of p rodlHtS
e (e.().c.H).nt c.ont . b~ {QtY\OVIYl9 I • proctuc.t.\ on R.HS cH.C.. .. . H1t~)
yi Q.. lcl.Of l1lq) 'l.Hltg)
~ £q_lA1l1bn·um Shifts -t-o+he It.HS tO,f.OY-r'Y) oe~~MINIMG- 1<.c: l~~~il 0-4~0 o.~oo 0 , 000
Mort.pn,d.Ltc.t1 . e!J 0Yc£0m oJ Of' H1{)"'' 0:is oo rrr o-.. orl1
. -- ,,.,
rnr.•9~
'"""o\O
-0140
'
-0.11.10 t0.4i'O
w~te rn,.-{.ed tugo-;,er '"' a conra,,,,e.r --r 1
060
~tn\Uft'.~ t' ~ alum • 1dm~Ac•qu, /l"!,r 11Al'Yl Q , Hn~l 0.110 o .o CJO o.~l/0
· · ·· . . 11.I\DC..OAT11"~) olofl;_wal prqJenc. !'110\ l
~forga.se.s pr-Q.ssure.e.u.ecri
,
conc.e.nt-ranon . TE1vH1;"'"
' Q
•v"~ •
,mt..1o""'e col'lt.
)-Ii)\ " '" ~ Mol
0110
.
o o60
•
o "+-go
.:.-
-'l ~cu5 in..9 prQ.ssu.re. Of.°' slJSHm, rv:io.l(.Q)) ---Hxod.1re_c» ' ~P· f<\OI ~ propornon by ;.;"i --, 1
e_q,LL-d I bnurn mo~ t-o tne. n- cU- w 1rh tC21l c- endo d1reth OYI ~rn(:tiC1' \JO\\,IIY\ t QI-O go.l [l\l11-
mol.2.) ofgo..s t-c cue.re.A.It. ti-La. preJJure. RJran~xo.reoction·. comparoctt<Jttlt':1 1 't'..t,, ----; 1 1=- \'& .~
vo tum.t of. gose! H'' u-1 11x 1. 1
e. . 9 . C.l-1 4 <g) t-H;_ Otg'J - ~ COtg) +3H-z{_g) 4inc . temperature 4 sysHIYl C1rnixrurt ~ - -=-------::-:-:-:-:::-:-
f-- rQjpond~ t-o oppo1e te,rnp. nJe e . · . ·. . mo\q.<ocliOI' l\o.0Pv1o1o 0f P.
e. 9
t .g .
(_ 0(9 )
2 N 0 2 t ")
fALV~H·
9
f- H,zO l9) ·~ CO2(g"°) + H2c9,
t
----}
\'\O~ff.H-1:
N Ot )
2 9
fof m ,~~I produttJ an
rQattOl'\tL
d moje
erdothQ ic
directiori .
.
nrnur
l
,oo.ction movtl totn~ I.I-IS +o' artio.l Q,. conrr,bunon
·
(I. gos rr,o.\C.Ql
wh1th
toward~ tt'le. toted ·\
rt
Prmu ·
or A
r
partial
.,,.
-=mo\tfrornon to-to.
i1)to,I )"\O . Of-
in o)
rno1.ll
rv,ix11Art
.
(l\ ·· • Foran ,.rndo. rer.lcnon 1 txprt\\iOn\ ~.c.p·. erm1.1r(~A of- P. Y. prosu,
Subl H.\nU. that ~p~ed~ upt-he ro rQ Of ~, nc. Hrnpero ture-l iyJHm mpondJ N,• t3r/ , ~ ·1r-.1r1 ...___ _ _----::_ t P
fHH.h on ~y pro·v1d"in9 Cln atHrncitive t-ooppO)HhHl-10.r\9e, fQ.ClCMnrru,vtJtO e.g , 'r ) · '.5 \~f-incl.moletfrottioM fvQO/
rQtlC'non pat-hwQy of 1owerener9y. (H~ tof.orn1more produtt-ario.Wl k.p =- P Nrf-? o.napo.rhatpre~5u.reJ ~o.lt\ll O.H~
toareverntoJe reac11on,ta~1yJt fQ.O.CrClnt. M~:tn~
. P{Nz.)~f(H 2)°~ 2-:)~ul'JH"iruuvo1vJ.iil'\n .f-rt!YI'
i'"c.reaJ (J r4 tt Of- b0 H, reQ.C./iOnI Q..G\_LtOI IJ -A Mro. 1-ei C\.1':i VOl~,i.cXIC.. -oni~ fO.~~~itt v: '"'' is ~mp~ro.ture <J ;(.r ~)we I\ 1 OYl
~ eq_u,llbn·um iJ reached ~an-er. ~nochongHo poJ,·non ofQQ.Uili'bn\AYY7~\\o.tw,
' >) cult\.l.Lo..tt. l(.p
