NURS 201 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE SUCCESS ASSUARED 2023 A+
Aneurysms:
- Thevisualmd.com for video
- 5cm or less they will just monitor to make sure it doesn’t enlarge
- Place a stent to help prevent vessel from breaking
- Keep pt on anti-hypertensive meds to keep BP low
Heart Failure:
- Decreased cardiac output
- Right or left sided or High flow
- Left ventricle cannot pump blood so it backflows into the mitral valve into left
atrium into pulmonary veins
o Left sided heart failure equals more congestion in the lungs—cannot breathe
or lay down
o If untreated can cause right sided heart failure which is systemic
- Left sided = lungs
o Crackles
o SOB
- Right side= systemic
o Peripheral edema
o Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
o JVD
o Periorbital edema
o Ascites
o Kidney edema
st
- 1 compensatory mechanisms is to increase heart rate to maintain sufficient
cardiac output , BP stays the same
- Low sodium 1500-2300mg/day
- Pt can be placed on heparin until they reach therapeutic levels for warfarin
Top two reasons pts go into renal failure
- Hypertension
- diabetes
Inotropic- affect the force of cardiac contraction
- Inotropic agents affect the contraction of the heart muscles
- Positive agents: increase (strengthens) the force of myocardial contraction
o Isoprenaline
o Digoxin
o Dopamine
o Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
o Dobutamine (vasopressor)
- Negative agents: decrease (weakens) the force of myocardial contraction
o Beta blockers
, NURS 201 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE SUCCESS ASSUARED 2023 A+
▪ Propranolol
▪ labetalol
o Quinidine
o Flecainide
Chronotropic- affect the heart rate
- Positive agents: increases (accelerates) heart rate by acceleration of the rate of
impulse formation in the SA node
o Adrenaline
o Epinephrine
- Negative agents: slow down the heart rate by decreasing impulse formation
o Digoxin
▪ Anti-arrhythmic
▪ Blood pressure support
▪ Cardiac glycoside; positive inotropic
▪ Aides in muscle contraction
▪ Therapeutic range 0.5-2.0
• Very narrow, very toxic
• Toxicity: halos, N/V, blurry vision, bradycardia
• Digibind can reverse
• Hypokalemia can put them at risk for toxicity when on digoxin
• Hypocalcemia can cause hypokalemia
- Morphine
o Adverse effects:
▪ Hypotension, decreased respirations
▪ Sedation
Afterload (pressure it takes to get blood out of L ventricle) gets tighter when vasoconstriction or
hypertension
- Lower blood volume with diuretics and
vasodilators normal cardiac output is 4-8 liters
- Low output will show decreased LOC, fatigue, low BP
- Needs oxygen and
fluids REMEMBER ANTIDOTES
Vasodilater:
- Relaxes smooth muscle in vascular system to reduce vascular resistance
- BP will decrease (hypotension); cardiac output in reduced
- Isosorbide (PO form of nitrates) long acting
- Nitroglycerin (nitrate)- vasodilator--- decrease BP- short acting
- Hold if systolic is less than 90
- Causes headache d/t dilation of cerebral vessels
Aneurysms:
- Thevisualmd.com for video
- 5cm or less they will just monitor to make sure it doesn’t enlarge
- Place a stent to help prevent vessel from breaking
- Keep pt on anti-hypertensive meds to keep BP low
Heart Failure:
- Decreased cardiac output
- Right or left sided or High flow
- Left ventricle cannot pump blood so it backflows into the mitral valve into left
atrium into pulmonary veins
o Left sided heart failure equals more congestion in the lungs—cannot breathe
or lay down
o If untreated can cause right sided heart failure which is systemic
- Left sided = lungs
o Crackles
o SOB
- Right side= systemic
o Peripheral edema
o Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
o JVD
o Periorbital edema
o Ascites
o Kidney edema
st
- 1 compensatory mechanisms is to increase heart rate to maintain sufficient
cardiac output , BP stays the same
- Low sodium 1500-2300mg/day
- Pt can be placed on heparin until they reach therapeutic levels for warfarin
Top two reasons pts go into renal failure
- Hypertension
- diabetes
Inotropic- affect the force of cardiac contraction
- Inotropic agents affect the contraction of the heart muscles
- Positive agents: increase (strengthens) the force of myocardial contraction
o Isoprenaline
o Digoxin
o Dopamine
o Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
o Dobutamine (vasopressor)
- Negative agents: decrease (weakens) the force of myocardial contraction
o Beta blockers
, NURS 201 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE SUCCESS ASSUARED 2023 A+
▪ Propranolol
▪ labetalol
o Quinidine
o Flecainide
Chronotropic- affect the heart rate
- Positive agents: increases (accelerates) heart rate by acceleration of the rate of
impulse formation in the SA node
o Adrenaline
o Epinephrine
- Negative agents: slow down the heart rate by decreasing impulse formation
o Digoxin
▪ Anti-arrhythmic
▪ Blood pressure support
▪ Cardiac glycoside; positive inotropic
▪ Aides in muscle contraction
▪ Therapeutic range 0.5-2.0
• Very narrow, very toxic
• Toxicity: halos, N/V, blurry vision, bradycardia
• Digibind can reverse
• Hypokalemia can put them at risk for toxicity when on digoxin
• Hypocalcemia can cause hypokalemia
- Morphine
o Adverse effects:
▪ Hypotension, decreased respirations
▪ Sedation
Afterload (pressure it takes to get blood out of L ventricle) gets tighter when vasoconstriction or
hypertension
- Lower blood volume with diuretics and
vasodilators normal cardiac output is 4-8 liters
- Low output will show decreased LOC, fatigue, low BP
- Needs oxygen and
fluids REMEMBER ANTIDOTES
Vasodilater:
- Relaxes smooth muscle in vascular system to reduce vascular resistance
- BP will decrease (hypotension); cardiac output in reduced
- Isosorbide (PO form of nitrates) long acting
- Nitroglycerin (nitrate)- vasodilator--- decrease BP- short acting
- Hold if systolic is less than 90
- Causes headache d/t dilation of cerebral vessels
