-
CORE - II COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the basic organization of computers and the working of each component and CPU
To bring the programming features of 8085 Microprocessor and know the features of latest
microprocessors.
To understand the principles of Interfacing I/O devices and Direct Memory accesses
OUTCOMES:
Describe the major components of a computer system and state their function and purpose
Describe the microstructure of a processor
Demonstrate the ability to program a microprocessor in assembly language.
Classify and describe the operation DMA and peripheral Interfaces.
UNIT - I
Data Representation: Data Types – Complements – Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representation Other
Binary Codes. Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language - Register Transfer -
Bus and Memory Transfers – Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.
UNIT - II
Central Processing Unit: General Register and Stack Organizations - Instruction Formats - Addressing
Modes - Data Transfer and Manipulation - Program Control - RISC - Pipelining - Arithmetic and Instruction -
RISC Pipeline - Vector Processing and Array Processors.
UNIT - III
Microprocessor Architecture and its Operations - 8085 MPU - 8085 Instruction Set and Classifications.
Programming in 8085: Code Conversion – BCD-to-Binary and Binary-to-BCD Conversions – ASCII-to-
BCD and BCD-to-ASCII Conversions – Binary-to-ASCII and ASCII-to -Binary Conversions.
3
,UNIT - IV
Programming in 8085: BCD Arithmetic - BCD addition and Subtraction - Multibyte Addition and
Subtraction - Multiplication and Division. Interrupts: The 8085 Interrupt – 8085 Vectored Interrupts.
UNIT - V
Direct Memory Access (DMA) and 8257 DMA Controller - 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface. Basic
Features of Advanced Microprocessors - Pentium - I3, I5 and I7
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.M. Mano, “Computer System Architecture”. Pearson, Third Edition, 2007
2. R. S. Gaonkar- "Microprocessor Architecture- Programming and Applications with 8085"- 5th Edition- Penram-2009.
3. Tripti Dodiya & Zakiya Malek, “Computer Organization and Advanced Microprocessors”, Cengage Learning,2012.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathur- “Introduction to Microprocessor”- 3rd Edition- Tata McGraw-Hill-1993.
2. P. K. Ghosh and P. R. Sridhar- “0000 to 8085: Introduction to Microprocessors for Engineers and Scientists”-2nd
Edition- PHI- 1995.
3. NagoorKani- “Microprocessor (8085) and its Applications”- 2nd Edition- RBA Publications- 2006.
4. V. Vijayendran- “Fundamentals of Microprocessors – 8085”- S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd.- 2008.
WEB REFERENCES:
NPTEL & MOOC courses titled Computer organization
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105163/
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106103068/
4
, CONTENTS
UNIT - I
Chapter 1 Data Representation
5
1. 1 Data Types 5
1. 2 Complements 6
1. 3 Fixed-Point Representation 6
1. 4 Floating-Point Representation 7
1. 5 Other Binary Codes
Chapter 2 Register Transfer and Micro operations 13
2. 1 Register Transfer Language 13
2. 2 Register Transfer 15
2. 3 Bus and Memory Transfers 16
2. 4 Arithmetic Microoperations 17
2. 5 Logic Microoperations 19
2. 6 Shift Microoperations 21
UNIT – II
Chapter 3 Central Processing Unit
22
3. 1 General Register Organization 22
3. 2 Stack Organization 24
3. 3 Instruction Formats 26
3. 4 Addressing Modes 27
3. 5 Data Transfer and Manipulation 27
3. 6 Program Control 29
3. 7 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Chapter 4 Pipeline and Vector Processing 32
4. 1 Pipelining 32
4. 2 Arithmetic Pipeline 33
4. 3 Instruction Pipeline 34
4. 4 RISC Pipeline 36
4. 5 Vector Processing 36
4. 6 Array Processors 37
5
, UNIT - III 38
Chapter 5 Microprocessor Architecture and Microcomputer Systems 40
5. 1 Microprocessor Architecture and its Operations 40
Chapter 6 Microprocessor Architecture and Memory Interfacing 51
6. 1 The 8085 MPU 51
6. 2 8085 Instruction Set and Classifications 54
Chapter 7 Programming in 8085: Code Conversion 65
7. 1 BCD to Binary Conversion 65
7. 2 Binary to BCD Conversion 66
7. 3 ASCII to BCD Conversion 68
7. 4 BCD to ASCII Conversion
7. 5 Binary to ASCII Conversion
7. 6 ASCII to Binary Conversion 68
UNIT - IV
Chapter 8 Programming in 8085: BCD Arithmetic 76
8. 1 BCD Addition 76
8. 2 BCD Subtraction 77
8. 3 Multibyte Addition and Subtraction 77
8. 4 Multiplication and Division 78
Chapter 9 Interrupts
93
9. 1 The 8085 Interrupt
94
9. 2 8085 Vectored Interrupts 97
UNIT - V
Chapter 10 DMA 105
10. 1 Direct Memory Access (DMA) 105
10. 2 8257 DMA Controller 108
10. 3 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface 110
10. 4 Basic features of Advanced Microprocessors 113
10. 5 Pentium - I3, I5 and I7 115
PRACTICAL - II Computer Organization Lab 117
APPENDIX - I
6
CORE - II COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the basic organization of computers and the working of each component and CPU
To bring the programming features of 8085 Microprocessor and know the features of latest
microprocessors.
To understand the principles of Interfacing I/O devices and Direct Memory accesses
OUTCOMES:
Describe the major components of a computer system and state their function and purpose
Describe the microstructure of a processor
Demonstrate the ability to program a microprocessor in assembly language.
Classify and describe the operation DMA and peripheral Interfaces.
UNIT - I
Data Representation: Data Types – Complements – Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representation Other
Binary Codes. Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language - Register Transfer -
Bus and Memory Transfers – Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.
UNIT - II
Central Processing Unit: General Register and Stack Organizations - Instruction Formats - Addressing
Modes - Data Transfer and Manipulation - Program Control - RISC - Pipelining - Arithmetic and Instruction -
RISC Pipeline - Vector Processing and Array Processors.
UNIT - III
Microprocessor Architecture and its Operations - 8085 MPU - 8085 Instruction Set and Classifications.
Programming in 8085: Code Conversion – BCD-to-Binary and Binary-to-BCD Conversions – ASCII-to-
BCD and BCD-to-ASCII Conversions – Binary-to-ASCII and ASCII-to -Binary Conversions.
3
,UNIT - IV
Programming in 8085: BCD Arithmetic - BCD addition and Subtraction - Multibyte Addition and
Subtraction - Multiplication and Division. Interrupts: The 8085 Interrupt – 8085 Vectored Interrupts.
UNIT - V
Direct Memory Access (DMA) and 8257 DMA Controller - 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface. Basic
Features of Advanced Microprocessors - Pentium - I3, I5 and I7
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.M. Mano, “Computer System Architecture”. Pearson, Third Edition, 2007
2. R. S. Gaonkar- "Microprocessor Architecture- Programming and Applications with 8085"- 5th Edition- Penram-2009.
3. Tripti Dodiya & Zakiya Malek, “Computer Organization and Advanced Microprocessors”, Cengage Learning,2012.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mathur- “Introduction to Microprocessor”- 3rd Edition- Tata McGraw-Hill-1993.
2. P. K. Ghosh and P. R. Sridhar- “0000 to 8085: Introduction to Microprocessors for Engineers and Scientists”-2nd
Edition- PHI- 1995.
3. NagoorKani- “Microprocessor (8085) and its Applications”- 2nd Edition- RBA Publications- 2006.
4. V. Vijayendran- “Fundamentals of Microprocessors – 8085”- S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd.- 2008.
WEB REFERENCES:
NPTEL & MOOC courses titled Computer organization
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105163/
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106103068/
4
, CONTENTS
UNIT - I
Chapter 1 Data Representation
5
1. 1 Data Types 5
1. 2 Complements 6
1. 3 Fixed-Point Representation 6
1. 4 Floating-Point Representation 7
1. 5 Other Binary Codes
Chapter 2 Register Transfer and Micro operations 13
2. 1 Register Transfer Language 13
2. 2 Register Transfer 15
2. 3 Bus and Memory Transfers 16
2. 4 Arithmetic Microoperations 17
2. 5 Logic Microoperations 19
2. 6 Shift Microoperations 21
UNIT – II
Chapter 3 Central Processing Unit
22
3. 1 General Register Organization 22
3. 2 Stack Organization 24
3. 3 Instruction Formats 26
3. 4 Addressing Modes 27
3. 5 Data Transfer and Manipulation 27
3. 6 Program Control 29
3. 7 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Chapter 4 Pipeline and Vector Processing 32
4. 1 Pipelining 32
4. 2 Arithmetic Pipeline 33
4. 3 Instruction Pipeline 34
4. 4 RISC Pipeline 36
4. 5 Vector Processing 36
4. 6 Array Processors 37
5
, UNIT - III 38
Chapter 5 Microprocessor Architecture and Microcomputer Systems 40
5. 1 Microprocessor Architecture and its Operations 40
Chapter 6 Microprocessor Architecture and Memory Interfacing 51
6. 1 The 8085 MPU 51
6. 2 8085 Instruction Set and Classifications 54
Chapter 7 Programming in 8085: Code Conversion 65
7. 1 BCD to Binary Conversion 65
7. 2 Binary to BCD Conversion 66
7. 3 ASCII to BCD Conversion 68
7. 4 BCD to ASCII Conversion
7. 5 Binary to ASCII Conversion
7. 6 ASCII to Binary Conversion 68
UNIT - IV
Chapter 8 Programming in 8085: BCD Arithmetic 76
8. 1 BCD Addition 76
8. 2 BCD Subtraction 77
8. 3 Multibyte Addition and Subtraction 77
8. 4 Multiplication and Division 78
Chapter 9 Interrupts
93
9. 1 The 8085 Interrupt
94
9. 2 8085 Vectored Interrupts 97
UNIT - V
Chapter 10 DMA 105
10. 1 Direct Memory Access (DMA) 105
10. 2 8257 DMA Controller 108
10. 3 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface 110
10. 4 Basic features of Advanced Microprocessors 113
10. 5 Pentium - I3, I5 and I7 115
PRACTICAL - II Computer Organization Lab 117
APPENDIX - I
6
