Positive Negative
Potential to improve their position in several Opportunities that were offered were not what
areas, especially education they wanted
The Dawes Severalty Act 1887-gave some the Many see the period as an attack on both their
opportunity to become landowners. They culture and rights as the government pursued
became full American Citizens assimilation
Reservations-allowed for farming communities Despite what the government thought, they
to be established. Better healthcare (important didn’t want to be American Citizens-they
due to high death rates, life expectancy and wanted to preserve their own culture and
disease) achieve self-determination
Reservation-made it easier for tribal customs Quality of education from boarding schools was
and reservations to survive despite government limited
intentions
Two boarding schools outside reservations Assimilation-lost much of their independence
offered new jobs-Indian Agency Offices,
interpreters, scouts for the army
Battle of Little Bighorn convinced a minority Reservations-failure as lost freedom and denied
that position needed to be improved as it was Civil Rights-land gradually reduced over the
caused by poor treatment-major breakthrough- period
change in approach and policy needed
Boarding schools- Virginia and Pennsylvania- Reservations-life was harsh, land often poor
taught boys vocational and taught girls quality and difficult to farm- ill-suited to their
domestic new lives
Reservations- preserved culture and sense of Allotment-many couldn’t adapt and soon sold
belonging their land to white settlers- often spent the
money they had gained from the sale of their
land and fell into poverty
Navajo Tribe- 4 million to 10.5 million acres- Allotment- Land given to the male head of the
15,000 to 1.7 million sheep and goats- success family-women lost their status in previously
reflected in rise of population matriarchal tribes
Education on reservations was poor and even
with schools outside reservations many found it
hard to get work-forced back onto reservations
but were viewed as untrustworthy there- felt
alienated
Period ended with the massacre of the Sioux
tribe at Wounded Knee- final destruction of
Sioux ‘A people’s dream died there’
Government subsidies were insufficient and
were cut further when there were other
demands on government resources
Size of reservations significantly reduced so
they had less and less land available to them
Positive Negative
More work was done outside the family home Progress subject to economic fluctuations
than in the traditional rural environment
Some 60,000 took part in temperance WCTU was widespread but had predominately
, demonstrations and many also supported the WASP members
suffrage movement
Active in churches and religiously motivated Female wages lower for similar work and fewer
temperance movements (WCTU 1872) promotion opportunities
Industrial growth-more women working-by Faced hostility in unions
1880s, 26% of Philadelphia workers were
women
In textile dominated urban areas such as Westward expansion-equality ended after the
Atlanta-1/3 of workforce ‘end of the frontier’, growth of Urban centres
and railways
Economic expansion-more opportunities for Division between rival organisations weakened
white-collar work-by 1880s clerical work was the overall movement -many men and women
opened up to women due to invention of the opposed suffrage and there was resentment
typewriter
Able to join unions but not on the same scale Association with temperance weakened the
focus of the movement-women active in public
sphere were associated with domestic rather
than purely political concerns
Urban growth-more education opportunities- Influx of immigrants in 80s and 90s led to
more colleges for women in the east and co- women from southern and eastern Europe
educational opportunities in the west working in poor homes and crowded cities
First training school for nurses 1873 and 35 by Immigrants-lodgers, sweatshops, maids,
1890 cleaners, sex industry
Organisations to care for younger urban Domestic work became associated with
women such as the YWCA 1867 immigrants and lost its status
Westward expansion-more equality who shared Married women, especially AAs found it hard to
the hardships and joys find work
Gains made after 1875 were mainly in the Single younger women ended up in unskilled
greater public profile of women jobs instead of learning a trade
Distinct double standards-men did not expect
to help out with domestic chores and wages
were still unequal
Division in campaigns, impact of immigration
and the issue of equal pay hindered progress
Turning point Political Social Economic
WW1-social -Hopes that their -Put in really -an estimated 12,000
service would dangerous situations Native American
encourage the compared to the soldiers served in the
government to grant average soldier in the U.S. military
them full U.S. Army -tens of thousands of
citizenship. - Using at least six Native Americans
native languages, they supported the war at
translated Allied home by working in
officers’ commands war industries,
Potential to improve their position in several Opportunities that were offered were not what
areas, especially education they wanted
The Dawes Severalty Act 1887-gave some the Many see the period as an attack on both their
opportunity to become landowners. They culture and rights as the government pursued
became full American Citizens assimilation
Reservations-allowed for farming communities Despite what the government thought, they
to be established. Better healthcare (important didn’t want to be American Citizens-they
due to high death rates, life expectancy and wanted to preserve their own culture and
disease) achieve self-determination
Reservation-made it easier for tribal customs Quality of education from boarding schools was
and reservations to survive despite government limited
intentions
Two boarding schools outside reservations Assimilation-lost much of their independence
offered new jobs-Indian Agency Offices,
interpreters, scouts for the army
Battle of Little Bighorn convinced a minority Reservations-failure as lost freedom and denied
that position needed to be improved as it was Civil Rights-land gradually reduced over the
caused by poor treatment-major breakthrough- period
change in approach and policy needed
Boarding schools- Virginia and Pennsylvania- Reservations-life was harsh, land often poor
taught boys vocational and taught girls quality and difficult to farm- ill-suited to their
domestic new lives
Reservations- preserved culture and sense of Allotment-many couldn’t adapt and soon sold
belonging their land to white settlers- often spent the
money they had gained from the sale of their
land and fell into poverty
Navajo Tribe- 4 million to 10.5 million acres- Allotment- Land given to the male head of the
15,000 to 1.7 million sheep and goats- success family-women lost their status in previously
reflected in rise of population matriarchal tribes
Education on reservations was poor and even
with schools outside reservations many found it
hard to get work-forced back onto reservations
but were viewed as untrustworthy there- felt
alienated
Period ended with the massacre of the Sioux
tribe at Wounded Knee- final destruction of
Sioux ‘A people’s dream died there’
Government subsidies were insufficient and
were cut further when there were other
demands on government resources
Size of reservations significantly reduced so
they had less and less land available to them
Positive Negative
More work was done outside the family home Progress subject to economic fluctuations
than in the traditional rural environment
Some 60,000 took part in temperance WCTU was widespread but had predominately
, demonstrations and many also supported the WASP members
suffrage movement
Active in churches and religiously motivated Female wages lower for similar work and fewer
temperance movements (WCTU 1872) promotion opportunities
Industrial growth-more women working-by Faced hostility in unions
1880s, 26% of Philadelphia workers were
women
In textile dominated urban areas such as Westward expansion-equality ended after the
Atlanta-1/3 of workforce ‘end of the frontier’, growth of Urban centres
and railways
Economic expansion-more opportunities for Division between rival organisations weakened
white-collar work-by 1880s clerical work was the overall movement -many men and women
opened up to women due to invention of the opposed suffrage and there was resentment
typewriter
Able to join unions but not on the same scale Association with temperance weakened the
focus of the movement-women active in public
sphere were associated with domestic rather
than purely political concerns
Urban growth-more education opportunities- Influx of immigrants in 80s and 90s led to
more colleges for women in the east and co- women from southern and eastern Europe
educational opportunities in the west working in poor homes and crowded cities
First training school for nurses 1873 and 35 by Immigrants-lodgers, sweatshops, maids,
1890 cleaners, sex industry
Organisations to care for younger urban Domestic work became associated with
women such as the YWCA 1867 immigrants and lost its status
Westward expansion-more equality who shared Married women, especially AAs found it hard to
the hardships and joys find work
Gains made after 1875 were mainly in the Single younger women ended up in unskilled
greater public profile of women jobs instead of learning a trade
Distinct double standards-men did not expect
to help out with domestic chores and wages
were still unequal
Division in campaigns, impact of immigration
and the issue of equal pay hindered progress
Turning point Political Social Economic
WW1-social -Hopes that their -Put in really -an estimated 12,000
service would dangerous situations Native American
encourage the compared to the soldiers served in the
government to grant average soldier in the U.S. military
them full U.S. Army -tens of thousands of
citizenship. - Using at least six Native Americans
native languages, they supported the war at
translated Allied home by working in
officers’ commands war industries,
