3/4/2019
Birthstones by month
Birthstones
https://sciencenotes.org/birthstone-minerals/
Materials That Are Solids
• Solids : Four bonding classifications
– Covalent bonding, which forms network covalent solids (sometimes
called simply "covalent solids” as in diamond and silicon dioxide)
– Ionic bonding, which forms ionic solids*
– Metallic bonding, which forms metallic solids*
– Weak intermolecular bonding, which forms molecular solids*
1
, 3/4/2019
Ionic bonding: ionic solids*
a) Observations: Types of Crystals
Packing of Spheres
b) Radius Ratios for Ions Tucked into Holes
c) Experimental Lattice Energies from
Thermodynamics: Born-Haber Cycle
d) Theoretical from (Coulombic) Interactions
Metallic bonding: metallic solids*
a) Observations: Structural Types
Packing of Spheres
b) Metal-metal bonding in extended structures
c) HOMO-LUMO gaps and Semi-conductors
d) Types of Alloys
Weak intermolecular bonding, which forms molecular solids*
Close Packing of Spheres;
Chapter 4—Weller . . . Armstrong
The Structures of Simple Solids:
Metals and Ionic Salts
1. How do we know? X-ray Crystallography
2. What do we know? Ordered arrays of repeating units;
lattices and unit cells.
William H. Bragg
Nobel Prize Physics, 1915
William L. Bragg
Nobel Prize Physics, 1915
2
, 3/4/2019
Bragg’s Law: nλ = 2d sinθ
Following Bragg's law, each dot (or reflection) in this diffraction
pattern forms from the constructive interference of X-rays
passing through a crystal. The data can be used to determine
the crystal's atomic structure.
3
, 3/4/2019
Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1: Figure 3.2
The Seven Crystal Systems: crystals build up from these fundamental shapes
All 90° angles
And,
May have atoms on
corners, in faces, and
In the body
The seve
Angles unequal to 90°
© 2009 W.H. Freeman
CHAPTER 3: FIGURE 3.1
Unit Cell: The simplest
repeating structural unit.
a unit cell is the smallest unit
of volume that contains all of
the structural and symmetry
information to build-up the
macroscopic structure of the
lattice by translation.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 6E| SHRIVER| WELLER| OVERTON | ROURKE | ARMSTRONG
©2014 W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY
4
Birthstones by month
Birthstones
https://sciencenotes.org/birthstone-minerals/
Materials That Are Solids
• Solids : Four bonding classifications
– Covalent bonding, which forms network covalent solids (sometimes
called simply "covalent solids” as in diamond and silicon dioxide)
– Ionic bonding, which forms ionic solids*
– Metallic bonding, which forms metallic solids*
– Weak intermolecular bonding, which forms molecular solids*
1
, 3/4/2019
Ionic bonding: ionic solids*
a) Observations: Types of Crystals
Packing of Spheres
b) Radius Ratios for Ions Tucked into Holes
c) Experimental Lattice Energies from
Thermodynamics: Born-Haber Cycle
d) Theoretical from (Coulombic) Interactions
Metallic bonding: metallic solids*
a) Observations: Structural Types
Packing of Spheres
b) Metal-metal bonding in extended structures
c) HOMO-LUMO gaps and Semi-conductors
d) Types of Alloys
Weak intermolecular bonding, which forms molecular solids*
Close Packing of Spheres;
Chapter 4—Weller . . . Armstrong
The Structures of Simple Solids:
Metals and Ionic Salts
1. How do we know? X-ray Crystallography
2. What do we know? Ordered arrays of repeating units;
lattices and unit cells.
William H. Bragg
Nobel Prize Physics, 1915
William L. Bragg
Nobel Prize Physics, 1915
2
, 3/4/2019
Bragg’s Law: nλ = 2d sinθ
Following Bragg's law, each dot (or reflection) in this diffraction
pattern forms from the constructive interference of X-rays
passing through a crystal. The data can be used to determine
the crystal's atomic structure.
3
, 3/4/2019
Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1: Figure 3.2
The Seven Crystal Systems: crystals build up from these fundamental shapes
All 90° angles
And,
May have atoms on
corners, in faces, and
In the body
The seve
Angles unequal to 90°
© 2009 W.H. Freeman
CHAPTER 3: FIGURE 3.1
Unit Cell: The simplest
repeating structural unit.
a unit cell is the smallest unit
of volume that contains all of
the structural and symmetry
information to build-up the
macroscopic structure of the
lattice by translation.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 6E| SHRIVER| WELLER| OVERTON | ROURKE | ARMSTRONG
©2014 W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY
4
