ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
Review Questions
1. What is the OMG?
The OMG is the Object Management Group. It is a consortium of over 800 organizations
consisting of software vendors, developers and other organizations. The objective of the
consortium is to set standards and establish uniformity in object-oriented development,
including standard specifications across environments.
2. What is UML? What type of modeling is it used for?
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is the standard object-oriented modeling
language that has been accepted by the OMG. It is used for requirements specification
and architectural design of object-oriented systems.
3. What are the four basic parts of a use case model? What is its purpose or objective?
The four parts (icons) of a use case model are the use case identifier (an oval), the use
case actor (a stick figure), the relationship conneting lines, and the system boundary.
The objective of the use case model is to identify all of the ways the users will use the
system. A use case identifies a specific way, such as completing a business transaction,
that the system is used and must support.
4. What are the two basic parts of the domain model? What is its purpose or objective?
The two basic parts are the class identifiers (rectangles with two compartments), and
relationships (connecting lines with mutliplicities).
The object of the domain model is to identify the problem domain objects and the
relatinships between those objects.
5. What is the difference between a use case description and an activity diagram?
A use case description identifies several characteristics of the use case. It also includes a
textual description of the steps included in the workflow of the use case. An activity
diagram is a graphical model that shows the steps in the workflow of the use case.
,ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
6. What is the «includes» relationship used for?
The «includes» relationship is used to connect two use cases when one use cases invokes
the other use case. The “included” use case is like a common subroutine that can be used
by other processes or use cases.
7. What is the difference in the focus on the boundary condition of a use case diagram and
an event table?
The identification of events for the event table requires a source and a trigger. The source
and trigger are those items that initiate an event in the entire system, including the manual
system and the automated system. In a use case diagram, the boundary is an automation
boundary—that is, it denotes the interface between the environment, where the actors
reside, and the internal components of the computer system. The source and the actor are
not always the same. The source is where the data comes from.
8. With regard to a use case, what is an activity diagram used for?
An activity diagram documents the workflow in the use case. It shows the external actor
in one swimlane, and the system responses in another swimlane. Usually one activity
diagram can show the flow of activities for a single use case or scenario.
9. What is the purpose of a system sequence diagram? What symbols are used in a system
sequence diagram?
A system sequence diagram (SSD) identifies the input and output messages to the
automated system for a use case. The input and output messages describe the inputs and
outputs to the system.
The symbols are actors and objects. Actors are depicted by stick figures. Objects are
depicted as rectangles with the inside label underlined. Lifelines are attached to actors
and objects. Lifelines are depicted by vertical dashed lines beneath the actors and objects.
The input and output messages are depicted as arrows between the lifelines.
10. What are the steps required to develop a system sequnce diagram?
There are four steps. In most cases the SSD can be developed from an activity diagram or
a flow of events on the use case description.
1. Identify the input messages. This usually occurs on an activity diagram when
an arrow crosses the swimlanes from the actor to the system.
2. Describe the input message with name, parameters, and other descriptors.
3. Identify other special conditions for the message, such as repetition or true/false
conditions.
4. Add the output return messages.
,ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
11. What is the purpose of a state machine diagram?
During analysis, state machine diagrams are used to describe the behavior of complex
business objects. The primary focus of a state machine diagram is to identify the various
states of a business object and to describe the ways in which the object moves from state
to state.
12. List the primary steps for developing a state machine diagram.
1. Pretend you are the object itself. Identify and model the states and transitions.
2. Make sure you review the state machine diagram and make necessary changes.
3. Make sure you haven’t left out any exception conditions.
4. Review the class diagram, and select the classes that will require a state
machine diagram.
5. For each selected class in the group, make a list of all the status conditions you can
identify.
6. Begin building state machine diagram fragments by identifying the transitions that
cause an object to leave the identified state.
7. Sequence these state-transition combinations in the correct order.
8. Review the paths and look for independent, concurrent paths.
9. Look for additional transitions.
10. Expand each transition with the appropriate message event, guard-condition, and
action-expression.
11. Review and test each state machine diagram.
13. List the elements that make up a transition description. Which elements
are optional?
The elements are transition-name, guard-condition, and action-expression. All of these
elements are optional. If a transition has none of these elements, it “fires” automatically
when the object has finished any activity with the origin state.
14. What is a composite state? What is it used for?
A composite state is a state containing multiple states and transitions. It represents a
higher level of abstraction and can contain nested states and transition paths.
15. What is meant by the term path?
A path is a sequential set of connected states and transitions.
16. What is the purpose of a guard-condition?
A guard-condition indicates the condition that must be true before a transition can occur
, ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
17. Identify the models explained in this chapter and their relationship to each other.
A use case diagram identifies all of the use cases of the system. A class diagram identifies
the domain classes for the system. A CRUD analysis ensures that these two diagrams are
consistent with each other. Each use case is described either with a use case description
(with various levels of detail) or an activity diagram. The use case description and
activity diagram describe the internal flow of activities of the use case. A system
sequence diagram shows the inputs and outputs of each use case. The state machine
diagram identifies the states or status conditions an object can be in. It shows possible
steps in a use case or identifies the need for a use case.
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
Review Questions
1. What is the OMG?
The OMG is the Object Management Group. It is a consortium of over 800 organizations
consisting of software vendors, developers and other organizations. The objective of the
consortium is to set standards and establish uniformity in object-oriented development,
including standard specifications across environments.
2. What is UML? What type of modeling is it used for?
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is the standard object-oriented modeling
language that has been accepted by the OMG. It is used for requirements specification
and architectural design of object-oriented systems.
3. What are the four basic parts of a use case model? What is its purpose or objective?
The four parts (icons) of a use case model are the use case identifier (an oval), the use
case actor (a stick figure), the relationship conneting lines, and the system boundary.
The objective of the use case model is to identify all of the ways the users will use the
system. A use case identifies a specific way, such as completing a business transaction,
that the system is used and must support.
4. What are the two basic parts of the domain model? What is its purpose or objective?
The two basic parts are the class identifiers (rectangles with two compartments), and
relationships (connecting lines with mutliplicities).
The object of the domain model is to identify the problem domain objects and the
relatinships between those objects.
5. What is the difference between a use case description and an activity diagram?
A use case description identifies several characteristics of the use case. It also includes a
textual description of the steps included in the workflow of the use case. An activity
diagram is a graphical model that shows the steps in the workflow of the use case.
,ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
6. What is the «includes» relationship used for?
The «includes» relationship is used to connect two use cases when one use cases invokes
the other use case. The “included” use case is like a common subroutine that can be used
by other processes or use cases.
7. What is the difference in the focus on the boundary condition of a use case diagram and
an event table?
The identification of events for the event table requires a source and a trigger. The source
and trigger are those items that initiate an event in the entire system, including the manual
system and the automated system. In a use case diagram, the boundary is an automation
boundary—that is, it denotes the interface between the environment, where the actors
reside, and the internal components of the computer system. The source and the actor are
not always the same. The source is where the data comes from.
8. With regard to a use case, what is an activity diagram used for?
An activity diagram documents the workflow in the use case. It shows the external actor
in one swimlane, and the system responses in another swimlane. Usually one activity
diagram can show the flow of activities for a single use case or scenario.
9. What is the purpose of a system sequence diagram? What symbols are used in a system
sequence diagram?
A system sequence diagram (SSD) identifies the input and output messages to the
automated system for a use case. The input and output messages describe the inputs and
outputs to the system.
The symbols are actors and objects. Actors are depicted by stick figures. Objects are
depicted as rectangles with the inside label underlined. Lifelines are attached to actors
and objects. Lifelines are depicted by vertical dashed lines beneath the actors and objects.
The input and output messages are depicted as arrows between the lifelines.
10. What are the steps required to develop a system sequnce diagram?
There are four steps. In most cases the SSD can be developed from an activity diagram or
a flow of events on the use case description.
1. Identify the input messages. This usually occurs on an activity diagram when
an arrow crosses the swimlanes from the actor to the system.
2. Describe the input message with name, parameters, and other descriptors.
3. Identify other special conditions for the message, such as repetition or true/false
conditions.
4. Add the output return messages.
,ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
11. What is the purpose of a state machine diagram?
During analysis, state machine diagrams are used to describe the behavior of complex
business objects. The primary focus of a state machine diagram is to identify the various
states of a business object and to describe the ways in which the object moves from state
to state.
12. List the primary steps for developing a state machine diagram.
1. Pretend you are the object itself. Identify and model the states and transitions.
2. Make sure you review the state machine diagram and make necessary changes.
3. Make sure you haven’t left out any exception conditions.
4. Review the class diagram, and select the classes that will require a state
machine diagram.
5. For each selected class in the group, make a list of all the status conditions you can
identify.
6. Begin building state machine diagram fragments by identifying the transitions that
cause an object to leave the identified state.
7. Sequence these state-transition combinations in the correct order.
8. Review the paths and look for independent, concurrent paths.
9. Look for additional transitions.
10. Expand each transition with the appropriate message event, guard-condition, and
action-expression.
11. Review and test each state machine diagram.
13. List the elements that make up a transition description. Which elements
are optional?
The elements are transition-name, guard-condition, and action-expression. All of these
elements are optional. If a transition has none of these elements, it “fires” automatically
when the object has finished any activity with the origin state.
14. What is a composite state? What is it used for?
A composite state is a state containing multiple states and transitions. It represents a
higher level of abstraction and can contain nested states and transition paths.
15. What is meant by the term path?
A path is a sequential set of connected states and transitions.
16. What is the purpose of a guard-condition?
A guard-condition indicates the condition that must be true before a transition can occur
, ITEC EXAM CH 7 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2022/2023 A+ ASSUARED SUCCESS
17. Identify the models explained in this chapter and their relationship to each other.
A use case diagram identifies all of the use cases of the system. A class diagram identifies
the domain classes for the system. A CRUD analysis ensures that these two diagrams are
consistent with each other. Each use case is described either with a use case description
(with various levels of detail) or an activity diagram. The use case description and
activity diagram describe the internal flow of activities of the use case. A system
sequence diagram shows the inputs and outputs of each use case. The state machine
diagram identifies the states or status conditions an object can be in. It shows possible
steps in a use case or identifies the need for a use case.
