Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
A Narrative Report
Presented to the faculty of the
Department of Engineering
Mrs. Ginalyn G. Sumait
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
HIGHWAY AND RAILROADS ENGINEERING
Bihasa, Krizza Joyce A.
Esperanza, Renz F.
Hidalgo, Michael R.
Matnog, Alfred V.
Montesa, Joey L.
BSCE 3A
January 17, 2021
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
ROAD MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
Roads and highways, traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move.
In modern usage the term road describes a rural, lesser traveled way, while the word street denotes
an urban roadway. Highway refers to a major rural traveled way; more recently it has been used
for a road, in either a rural or urban area, where points of entrance and exit for traffic are limited
and controlled.
The most ancient name for these arteries of travel seems to be the antecedent of the modern
way. Way stems from the Middle English wey, which in turn branches from the Latin veho (“I
carry”), derived from the Sanskrit vah (“carry,” “go,” or “move”). The word highway goes back
to the elevated Roman roads that had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches thrown
toward the centre, thus high way. The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially,
“paved”) and later strata via (“a way paved with stones”). Street was used by the Anglo-Saxons
for all the roads that they inherited from the Romans. By the Middle Ages, constructed roads were
to be found only in the towns, and so street took on its modern limited application to town roads.
The more recent word road, derived from the Old English word rád (“to ride”) and the Middle
English rode or rade (“a mounted journey”), is now used to indicate all vehicular ways.
Modern roads can be classified by type or function. The basic type is the conventional
undivided two-way road. Beyond this are divided roads, expressways (divided roads with most
side access controlled and some minor at-grade intersections), and freeways (expressways with
side access fully controlled and no at-grade intersections). An access-controlled road with direct
user charges is known as a tollway. In the United Kingdom freeways and expressways are referred
to as motorways.
A wide variety of materials are used in the construction of roads these are soils (naturally
occurring or processed), aggregates (fine aggregates or coarse aggregates obtained from rocks),
binders like lime, bituminous materials, and cement, and miscellaneous materials used as
admixtures for improved performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
HISTORY
The first roads were paths made by animals and later adapted by humans. The earliest
records of such paths have been found around some springs near Jericho and date from about 6000
BC. The first indications of constructed roads date from about 4000 BC and consist of stone-paved
streets at Ur in modern-day Iraq and timber roads preserved in a swamp in Glastonbury, England.
During the Bronze Age, the availability of metal tools made the construction of stone paving more
feasible; at the same time, demand for paved roads rose with the use of wheeled vehicles, which
were well established by 2000 BC.
At about this time the Minoans on the island of Crete built a 30-mile (50-kilometre) road
from Gortyna on the south coast over the mountains at an elevation of about 4,300 feet (1,300
metres) to Knossos on the north coast. Constructed of layers of stone, the roadway took account
of the necessity of drainage by a crown throughout its length and even gutters along certain
sections. The pavement, which was about 12 feet (360 centimetres) wide, consisted of sandstone
bound by a clay-gypsum mortar. The surface of the central portion consisted of two rows of basalt
slabs 2 inches (50 millimetres) thick. The centre of the roadway seems to have been used for foot
traffic and the edges for animals and carts. It is the oldest existing paved road.
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
ROAD MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
Soil constitutes the primary material for the foundation, subgrade, or even the pavement
(for low-cost roads with low traffic in rural areas). When the highway is constructed on an
embankment at the desired level, soil constitutes the primary embankment material; further, since
all structures have to ultimately rest on and transmit loads to ‘mother earth’, soil and rock also
serve as foundation materials.
Soil is invariably used after some process of stabilization such as compaction and
strengthening by adding suitable admixtures for improving the performance of the road. Mineral
aggregates obtained from rocks form the major component of the sub-bases and bases of highway
pavements of almost all types.
A detailed study of their properties is therefore essential. Binder materials such as bitumen
and cement mixed with appropriate types and proportions of aggregates are used for the
construction of superior types of roads that are characterized by their durability and load-carrying
capacity. Thus, base courses, sub-base courses and even the surface or wearing courses require the
use of these materials.
1. SOIL
Soils can be studied effectively if they are classified according to certain principles into a
definite system. A system is an ordered grouping of certain elements in a discipline according to
pre-defined principles. Just as classification or grouping is practiced in scientific disciplines such
as chemistry, zoology and botany, it is used in Geotechnical Engineering as well.
A soil classification system may be defined as a fundamental division of the various types of
soil into groups according to certain parameters such as its physical properties, constituents or
texture, field performance under load, presence of water and so on. There are a few field
identification tests have been developed for preliminary identification in the field.
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
A Narrative Report
Presented to the faculty of the
Department of Engineering
Mrs. Ginalyn G. Sumait
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
HIGHWAY AND RAILROADS ENGINEERING
Bihasa, Krizza Joyce A.
Esperanza, Renz F.
Hidalgo, Michael R.
Matnog, Alfred V.
Montesa, Joey L.
BSCE 3A
January 17, 2021
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
ROAD MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
Roads and highways, traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move.
In modern usage the term road describes a rural, lesser traveled way, while the word street denotes
an urban roadway. Highway refers to a major rural traveled way; more recently it has been used
for a road, in either a rural or urban area, where points of entrance and exit for traffic are limited
and controlled.
The most ancient name for these arteries of travel seems to be the antecedent of the modern
way. Way stems from the Middle English wey, which in turn branches from the Latin veho (“I
carry”), derived from the Sanskrit vah (“carry,” “go,” or “move”). The word highway goes back
to the elevated Roman roads that had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches thrown
toward the centre, thus high way. The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially,
“paved”) and later strata via (“a way paved with stones”). Street was used by the Anglo-Saxons
for all the roads that they inherited from the Romans. By the Middle Ages, constructed roads were
to be found only in the towns, and so street took on its modern limited application to town roads.
The more recent word road, derived from the Old English word rád (“to ride”) and the Middle
English rode or rade (“a mounted journey”), is now used to indicate all vehicular ways.
Modern roads can be classified by type or function. The basic type is the conventional
undivided two-way road. Beyond this are divided roads, expressways (divided roads with most
side access controlled and some minor at-grade intersections), and freeways (expressways with
side access fully controlled and no at-grade intersections). An access-controlled road with direct
user charges is known as a tollway. In the United Kingdom freeways and expressways are referred
to as motorways.
A wide variety of materials are used in the construction of roads these are soils (naturally
occurring or processed), aggregates (fine aggregates or coarse aggregates obtained from rocks),
binders like lime, bituminous materials, and cement, and miscellaneous materials used as
admixtures for improved performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
HISTORY
The first roads were paths made by animals and later adapted by humans. The earliest
records of such paths have been found around some springs near Jericho and date from about 6000
BC. The first indications of constructed roads date from about 4000 BC and consist of stone-paved
streets at Ur in modern-day Iraq and timber roads preserved in a swamp in Glastonbury, England.
During the Bronze Age, the availability of metal tools made the construction of stone paving more
feasible; at the same time, demand for paved roads rose with the use of wheeled vehicles, which
were well established by 2000 BC.
At about this time the Minoans on the island of Crete built a 30-mile (50-kilometre) road
from Gortyna on the south coast over the mountains at an elevation of about 4,300 feet (1,300
metres) to Knossos on the north coast. Constructed of layers of stone, the roadway took account
of the necessity of drainage by a crown throughout its length and even gutters along certain
sections. The pavement, which was about 12 feet (360 centimetres) wide, consisted of sandstone
bound by a clay-gypsum mortar. The surface of the central portion consisted of two rows of basalt
slabs 2 inches (50 millimetres) thick. The centre of the roadway seems to have been used for foot
traffic and the edges for animals and carts. It is the oldest existing paved road.
, Republic of the Philippines
AURORA STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING SECTION
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora
ROAD MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
Soil constitutes the primary material for the foundation, subgrade, or even the pavement
(for low-cost roads with low traffic in rural areas). When the highway is constructed on an
embankment at the desired level, soil constitutes the primary embankment material; further, since
all structures have to ultimately rest on and transmit loads to ‘mother earth’, soil and rock also
serve as foundation materials.
Soil is invariably used after some process of stabilization such as compaction and
strengthening by adding suitable admixtures for improving the performance of the road. Mineral
aggregates obtained from rocks form the major component of the sub-bases and bases of highway
pavements of almost all types.
A detailed study of their properties is therefore essential. Binder materials such as bitumen
and cement mixed with appropriate types and proportions of aggregates are used for the
construction of superior types of roads that are characterized by their durability and load-carrying
capacity. Thus, base courses, sub-base courses and even the surface or wearing courses require the
use of these materials.
1. SOIL
Soils can be studied effectively if they are classified according to certain principles into a
definite system. A system is an ordered grouping of certain elements in a discipline according to
pre-defined principles. Just as classification or grouping is practiced in scientific disciplines such
as chemistry, zoology and botany, it is used in Geotechnical Engineering as well.
A soil classification system may be defined as a fundamental division of the various types of
soil into groups according to certain parameters such as its physical properties, constituents or
texture, field performance under load, presence of water and so on. There are a few field
identification tests have been developed for preliminary identification in the field.
