D115 master set-Advanced Pathophysiology for the
Advanced Practice Nurse 2023 Actual Questions and
Answers Expected in the final exam;100% verified
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females?
Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected
chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known
cause?
Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading
known cause of intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing
(PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies and are performed in vitro. CVS is a
form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in utero and is usually
performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of
genetic testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second
trimester, between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo
prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene?
Cri du chat syndrome (translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This
term describes the cry often heard from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat
syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations?
The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an
unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the
disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give to a female) to
cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population?
Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?
Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and
evaluation of each case individually provides the most thorough and accurate
assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair.
The imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation
and wound healing?
,The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria?
Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen?
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when
considering the antigen?
Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered,
causing an ABO incompatibility?
The complement pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis?
An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections?
Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas,
which refers to several skin mycoses, including ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts,
which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection?
Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV
antibody testing may take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may
be needed to rule out a false negative test due to testing too soon after exposure,
especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins?
Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer?
The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and have
demonstrated a decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop?
Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength.
UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays
hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that are side by side to pair together,
becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing?
Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false
,TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to
incorporate research and evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood
through university-level education in a manner consistent with an individual's
literacy level.
True or false
True
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for
understanding and compliance.
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy?
Low literacy often leads to perceived noncompliance to medical instructions, including
medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully understands all instructions is critical
for understanding.
Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women with certain health
histories.
Which health history would result in an amniocentesis recommendation?
Those who have a family history of genetic disorders
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity.
What do these genes influence?
Regulation of appetite-Research has shown that genetic mutations may cause
alterations in the regulation of appetite.
Which concept is data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in
600 black Americans an example of?
Prevalence tells us how often disease is seen in a population, which includes all people
with the disease at a given time, at any stage in the disease progression.
What describes a chromosomal defect caused by Prader-Willi syndrome?
Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a disorder of a portion of chromosome 15.
Normally, a portion of this chromosome is inherited from both parents. With Prader-Willi
syndrome, the chromosome inherited from the father is problematic.
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
Prevent infection of the injured tissue
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism designed to remove damaged
tissue so the body can heal.
Which leukocytes are elevated in response to acute inflammatory reactions when
considering white blood cell differentials?
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils are one of the first responders to acute inflammation, and an increase in
neutrophils demonstrates an acute inflammatory response.
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure
to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
, Active-acquired immunity or naturally acquired active immunity occurs when an
individual is exposed to a live pathogen and develops the disease or becomes immune
as a result of a vaccine.
Which characteristics do atopic individuals have that make them genetically
predisposed to develop allergies?
The greater quantities of IgE in atopic individuals make them genetically predisposed to
develop allergies. IgE mediates the immune response to allergens; therefore, the more
IgE one has, the stronger the response can be to an allergen. Think of it as having more
soldiers in the army to fight the war.
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations.
Which statement about vaccines should the professional include in the
presentation?
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
Most vaccines require a booster to increase immunity. The initial effects of a vaccine
may diminish over time, and boosters improve protection against disease.
Which term describes an agent's ability to produce disease?
Pathogenicity refers to an organism's ability to create or produce disease.
What are signs and symptoms of Cri du Chrat Syndrome?
DNA deletion of chromosome 5. low birth weight, mental retardation, microencephaly,
and cat like cry
What are the 3 layers of human defense?
Physical, Mechanical, biochemical barriers
What happens in the physical layer of human defense.
protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
What is the second line of defense and the process?
Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury
from any cause. It can occur only in vascularized tissue.
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ?
Acute- Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing.
Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or
longer. It can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute
inflammation
What three systemic changes associated with acute inflammatory response
Fever, leukocytosis, plasma protein synthesis
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates?
Neonates often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil
chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
Hypersensitivity Response- I vs II
I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds with mast cells which
release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction).
Histamine release leads to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction,
and immune response
II- tissue specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the
A vaccine is what kind of immunity
Advanced Practice Nurse 2023 Actual Questions and
Answers Expected in the final exam;100% verified
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females?
Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected
chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known
cause?
Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading
known cause of intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing
(PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies and are performed in vitro. CVS is a
form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in utero and is usually
performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of
genetic testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second
trimester, between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo
prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene?
Cri du chat syndrome (translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This
term describes the cry often heard from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat
syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations?
The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an
unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the
disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give to a female) to
cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population?
Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual occurrence of disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?
Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and
evaluation of each case individually provides the most thorough and accurate
assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair.
The imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation
and wound healing?
,The underlying chronic illness exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria?
Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen?
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when
considering the antigen?
Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered,
causing an ABO incompatibility?
The complement pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis?
An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections?
Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas,
which refers to several skin mycoses, including ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts,
which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection?
Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV
antibody testing may take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may
be needed to rule out a false negative test due to testing too soon after exposure,
especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins?
Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer?
The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and have
demonstrated a decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop?
Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength.
UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays
hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that are side by side to pair together,
becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing?
Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false
,TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to
incorporate research and evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood
through university-level education in a manner consistent with an individual's
literacy level.
True or false
True
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for
understanding and compliance.
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy?
Low literacy often leads to perceived noncompliance to medical instructions, including
medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully understands all instructions is critical
for understanding.
Amniocentesis is recommended for pregnant women with certain health
histories.
Which health history would result in an amniocentesis recommendation?
Those who have a family history of genetic disorders
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity.
What do these genes influence?
Regulation of appetite-Research has shown that genetic mutations may cause
alterations in the regulation of appetite.
Which concept is data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in
600 black Americans an example of?
Prevalence tells us how often disease is seen in a population, which includes all people
with the disease at a given time, at any stage in the disease progression.
What describes a chromosomal defect caused by Prader-Willi syndrome?
Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a disorder of a portion of chromosome 15.
Normally, a portion of this chromosome is inherited from both parents. With Prader-Willi
syndrome, the chromosome inherited from the father is problematic.
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
Prevent infection of the injured tissue
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism designed to remove damaged
tissue so the body can heal.
Which leukocytes are elevated in response to acute inflammatory reactions when
considering white blood cell differentials?
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils are one of the first responders to acute inflammation, and an increase in
neutrophils demonstrates an acute inflammatory response.
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure
to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
, Active-acquired immunity or naturally acquired active immunity occurs when an
individual is exposed to a live pathogen and develops the disease or becomes immune
as a result of a vaccine.
Which characteristics do atopic individuals have that make them genetically
predisposed to develop allergies?
The greater quantities of IgE in atopic individuals make them genetically predisposed to
develop allergies. IgE mediates the immune response to allergens; therefore, the more
IgE one has, the stronger the response can be to an allergen. Think of it as having more
soldiers in the army to fight the war.
A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations.
Which statement about vaccines should the professional include in the
presentation?
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
Most vaccines require a booster to increase immunity. The initial effects of a vaccine
may diminish over time, and boosters improve protection against disease.
Which term describes an agent's ability to produce disease?
Pathogenicity refers to an organism's ability to create or produce disease.
What are signs and symptoms of Cri du Chrat Syndrome?
DNA deletion of chromosome 5. low birth weight, mental retardation, microencephaly,
and cat like cry
What are the 3 layers of human defense?
Physical, Mechanical, biochemical barriers
What happens in the physical layer of human defense.
protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
What is the second line of defense and the process?
Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury
from any cause. It can occur only in vascularized tissue.
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ?
Acute- Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing.
Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or
longer. It can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute
inflammation
What three systemic changes associated with acute inflammatory response
Fever, leukocytosis, plasma protein synthesis
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates?
Neonates often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil
chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
Hypersensitivity Response- I vs II
I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds with mast cells which
release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction).
Histamine release leads to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction,
and immune response
II- tissue specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the
A vaccine is what kind of immunity
