UAFS physiology Cornell Final Exam Review 2022 with
complete solution
ICF
fluid inside the cell
ECF
fluid outside the cell
Ions higher in the ICF
K+ and proteins
Ions higher in the ECF
- Plasma: Na+, Cl- and proteins
- Intersitial fluid: Na+ and Cl-
Phagocytosis
- active mechanism
- From ECF to ICF
- Large Molecule
- creates phagosome and uses pseudopods to "eat" molecules
Endocytosis
- smaller molecule
- plasma membrane invaginates
- some are selective for specific ligand, (receptor mediated endocytosis)
Exocytosis
- opposite of endocytosis
- Triggered by Ca+
- sent out in vesicles
Diffusion
- passive; high to low concentration
- faster w/ shorter distances; decrease distance = increase D.R.
- Increase in gradient = increase in D.R.
- Increase temp = increase in D.R.
- Inversely related to molecular size.
- increase in lipids= increase in D.R.
facilitated diffusion
- uses channels or carrier to get across membrane
- Goes down concentration gradients
- no energy input ( ex. GLUT transport)
Active transport
- uses carrier proteins
- moves molecules against concentration gradients
- Requires energy, either directly or indirectly
primary (direct) active transport
uses ATP directly for energy
Secondary (indirect) active transport
uses potential energy stored in concentration of one molecule to push another molecule
against its gradient
, What is resting membrane potential
-70mV
What causes the resting membrane potential?
This is when the cell membrane is at rest. During this resting state the nerve cell has a
negative electrical potential of about -70 mV. It is the electrical disequilibrium between
the ECF and ICF
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the
interior to become more positive/less negative
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while
sodium exits the cell.
Hyperpolarization
membrane potential becomes more negative
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
Secretion
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or
organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
transcellular transport
transport of materials through the cell; requires interaction with the cytoplasm and may
require transport proteins
paracellular transport
Transport of materials through the interstitial space without interactions with the
cytoplasm or cell membrane
Hormones released by the hypothalamus and what they do
- TRH - increase in TSH
- CRH - increase ACTH
- GHRH - Increase GH
- GnRH - increase FSH & LH
Hormones released by the anterior pituitary and what they do
- Prolactin - increase milk production/ target mammary glands
- TSH - increase T3 and T4/ target thyroid
- ACTH - increase cortisol/ targets adrenal cortex
- GH - growth and repair/targets all cells but they must have a receptor for it
- FSH - males = increase sperm cells; females = mature oogonia; targets gonads
- LH - males = increase testosterone; females = increase estrogen; targets gonads
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary
- vasopressin = increase blood vol./pressure; targets nephron tubule
- oxytocin = uterine contraction and milk let-down, targets uterus and mammary glands
What are the effects of cortisol
- produces glucocorticoid= control blood sugar levels
- cope with stress
- protect from hypoglycemia
What are the cells of the thyroid
follicular and parafollicular cells
complete solution
ICF
fluid inside the cell
ECF
fluid outside the cell
Ions higher in the ICF
K+ and proteins
Ions higher in the ECF
- Plasma: Na+, Cl- and proteins
- Intersitial fluid: Na+ and Cl-
Phagocytosis
- active mechanism
- From ECF to ICF
- Large Molecule
- creates phagosome and uses pseudopods to "eat" molecules
Endocytosis
- smaller molecule
- plasma membrane invaginates
- some are selective for specific ligand, (receptor mediated endocytosis)
Exocytosis
- opposite of endocytosis
- Triggered by Ca+
- sent out in vesicles
Diffusion
- passive; high to low concentration
- faster w/ shorter distances; decrease distance = increase D.R.
- Increase in gradient = increase in D.R.
- Increase temp = increase in D.R.
- Inversely related to molecular size.
- increase in lipids= increase in D.R.
facilitated diffusion
- uses channels or carrier to get across membrane
- Goes down concentration gradients
- no energy input ( ex. GLUT transport)
Active transport
- uses carrier proteins
- moves molecules against concentration gradients
- Requires energy, either directly or indirectly
primary (direct) active transport
uses ATP directly for energy
Secondary (indirect) active transport
uses potential energy stored in concentration of one molecule to push another molecule
against its gradient
, What is resting membrane potential
-70mV
What causes the resting membrane potential?
This is when the cell membrane is at rest. During this resting state the nerve cell has a
negative electrical potential of about -70 mV. It is the electrical disequilibrium between
the ECF and ICF
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the
interior to become more positive/less negative
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while
sodium exits the cell.
Hyperpolarization
membrane potential becomes more negative
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
Secretion
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or
organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
transcellular transport
transport of materials through the cell; requires interaction with the cytoplasm and may
require transport proteins
paracellular transport
Transport of materials through the interstitial space without interactions with the
cytoplasm or cell membrane
Hormones released by the hypothalamus and what they do
- TRH - increase in TSH
- CRH - increase ACTH
- GHRH - Increase GH
- GnRH - increase FSH & LH
Hormones released by the anterior pituitary and what they do
- Prolactin - increase milk production/ target mammary glands
- TSH - increase T3 and T4/ target thyroid
- ACTH - increase cortisol/ targets adrenal cortex
- GH - growth and repair/targets all cells but they must have a receptor for it
- FSH - males = increase sperm cells; females = mature oogonia; targets gonads
- LH - males = increase testosterone; females = increase estrogen; targets gonads
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary
- vasopressin = increase blood vol./pressure; targets nephron tubule
- oxytocin = uterine contraction and milk let-down, targets uterus and mammary glands
What are the effects of cortisol
- produces glucocorticoid= control blood sugar levels
- cope with stress
- protect from hypoglycemia
What are the cells of the thyroid
follicular and parafollicular cells
