Cell 1010 Dr. V Tulane Exam Guide 2022 with complete
solution
Biology
the scientific study of life
Evolution
The process of change that has transformed life on earth
Characteristics that define life
Organization, Growth, Structure and Function, Made of matter, Energy, Source of
Information
Structure and Function
Function dictates
Development is shown in
Change in structure
Organization
Capacity to follow rules/orders
Emergent Properties
Results from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Growth
Mitotic Division
Energy
The capacity to do work
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
Heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms and using
cellular respiration
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Anabolism+catabolism
Anabolism
Small molecules come together to make bigger molecules
Catabolism
Large molecules breaking down to make small molecules that release energy
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Ex: Body 7.3 pH Stomach 2 pH
Reproduction
Prevent extinction, Continue life
Cell Theory
All living organisms are made of cells
Cells are the fundamental building block
New cells arrive from old cells through division
Hierarchy
Organization of different levels of complexity
,Atoms
Smallest particles to build matter
Subatomic particles don't retain chemical and physical properties
Order of Hierarchy
Atoms--> Molecules--> Macromolecules--> Prokaryote and Eukaryote--> Cell-->Tissue--
>Organ-->Organ System-->Organism
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Organelles
Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell
Membrane bound
Biosphere Hierarchy
Organism-->Population-->Community-->Ecosphere-->Biosphere
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Similar genetic makeup
Population
Members of a species living in a specific area at a specific time
Community
Makeup of biotic elements
Ecosphere
Makeup of biotic and abiotic elements
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth, made possible by technology
Classification
The process of grouping things based on their similarities and differences
Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Archaea
Prokaryote
Intons
Phospholipids
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences
Eukarya
Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Protists
Single Cell
Plantae
Cell wall-Cellulose
Photosynthesis
Fungi
Cell Wall-Chitin
Extracellular digestion
,Animalia
No cell wall
Cellular Respiration
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Holds genes
Made of Nucleotides
Double helix
Introns and Exons
Genes
the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
Nucleotides
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Physical morphology
Gene Expression
The only time we have control is when we transcribe
DNA--> (transcription)mRNA-->(translations) Amino Acids-->(Protein folding)Protein
Genome
Entire set of genetic instructions
46 Chromosomes
Genomics
Study of genes
Proteomic
Study of proteins
Darwin's Descent with Modification
Individuals in a population vary their traits
Natural Selection
Variation of traits
Heritable
More offspring produced than can survive
Suit environment
Natural Selection
Nature selects a trait that will survive
Trait is then reproduced more
Vertical Evolution
Tree of Life
1 species
Beneficial Mutation and Natural selection
Horizontal Evolution
Web of Life
Multiple species
Genetic Recombination
Conjugation
, Genetic Recombination
The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different
from that of the parents
Prokaryotes becoming different species
Comparative Anatomy
The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
Share similar skeletal structure
Homologous Structures
Look different because they do different functions but share common ancestors
Analogous Structures
Similar structures that share a common function but not similar origins
Conjugation
Transfer of genes from bacteria into another species of bacteria
Science
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theoretical Explanation
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation
Educated guess
Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
Better
Qualitative
Data in the form of words
Perception
Controls
Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject
has the exact same conditions
Inductive Reasoning
Draws conclusions through logical process from large numbers of observations
Deductive Reasoning
Extrapolated from general premise to specific predictions
Applied Reasoning
Deductive
Apply general principles
Basic Reasoning
Inductive
Discovery Based Reasoning
See by chance
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested
Theory
solution
Biology
the scientific study of life
Evolution
The process of change that has transformed life on earth
Characteristics that define life
Organization, Growth, Structure and Function, Made of matter, Energy, Source of
Information
Structure and Function
Function dictates
Development is shown in
Change in structure
Organization
Capacity to follow rules/orders
Emergent Properties
Results from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Growth
Mitotic Division
Energy
The capacity to do work
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
Heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms and using
cellular respiration
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Anabolism+catabolism
Anabolism
Small molecules come together to make bigger molecules
Catabolism
Large molecules breaking down to make small molecules that release energy
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Ex: Body 7.3 pH Stomach 2 pH
Reproduction
Prevent extinction, Continue life
Cell Theory
All living organisms are made of cells
Cells are the fundamental building block
New cells arrive from old cells through division
Hierarchy
Organization of different levels of complexity
,Atoms
Smallest particles to build matter
Subatomic particles don't retain chemical and physical properties
Order of Hierarchy
Atoms--> Molecules--> Macromolecules--> Prokaryote and Eukaryote--> Cell-->Tissue--
>Organ-->Organ System-->Organism
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Organelles
Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell
Membrane bound
Biosphere Hierarchy
Organism-->Population-->Community-->Ecosphere-->Biosphere
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Similar genetic makeup
Population
Members of a species living in a specific area at a specific time
Community
Makeup of biotic elements
Ecosphere
Makeup of biotic and abiotic elements
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth, made possible by technology
Classification
The process of grouping things based on their similarities and differences
Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Archaea
Prokaryote
Intons
Phospholipids
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences
Eukarya
Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Protists
Single Cell
Plantae
Cell wall-Cellulose
Photosynthesis
Fungi
Cell Wall-Chitin
Extracellular digestion
,Animalia
No cell wall
Cellular Respiration
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Holds genes
Made of Nucleotides
Double helix
Introns and Exons
Genes
the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
Nucleotides
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Physical morphology
Gene Expression
The only time we have control is when we transcribe
DNA--> (transcription)mRNA-->(translations) Amino Acids-->(Protein folding)Protein
Genome
Entire set of genetic instructions
46 Chromosomes
Genomics
Study of genes
Proteomic
Study of proteins
Darwin's Descent with Modification
Individuals in a population vary their traits
Natural Selection
Variation of traits
Heritable
More offspring produced than can survive
Suit environment
Natural Selection
Nature selects a trait that will survive
Trait is then reproduced more
Vertical Evolution
Tree of Life
1 species
Beneficial Mutation and Natural selection
Horizontal Evolution
Web of Life
Multiple species
Genetic Recombination
Conjugation
, Genetic Recombination
The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different
from that of the parents
Prokaryotes becoming different species
Comparative Anatomy
The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
Share similar skeletal structure
Homologous Structures
Look different because they do different functions but share common ancestors
Analogous Structures
Similar structures that share a common function but not similar origins
Conjugation
Transfer of genes from bacteria into another species of bacteria
Science
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theoretical Explanation
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation
Educated guess
Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
Better
Qualitative
Data in the form of words
Perception
Controls
Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject
has the exact same conditions
Inductive Reasoning
Draws conclusions through logical process from large numbers of observations
Deductive Reasoning
Extrapolated from general premise to specific predictions
Applied Reasoning
Deductive
Apply general principles
Basic Reasoning
Inductive
Discovery Based Reasoning
See by chance
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested
Theory
