QUIDE ON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Define Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy-the study of structure
• Physiology- the study of function
• List & recognize examples of "levels of organization"
• Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, and organism.
• The body systems, their functions & major organs
• Integumentary- Provides a protective barrier for the body, contains
sensory receptors for pain, touch,temperature
• Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands,
• Skeletal- Protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement
• Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments
• Muscular- moves bones and maintains posture
• Organs: skeletal muscles
• Nervous- controls cell function with hormones
• Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglion
• Endocrine- controls cell function with hormones
• Organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, adrenal glands,pancreas, testes, ovaries
• Circulatory- transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases and wastes in blood
• Organs: heart, blood vessels
• Lymphatic- returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters and eliminates disease
causing organisms
• Organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
• Respiratory- adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Organs- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Digestive- nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver function include
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids,proteins
• Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, liver,gallbladder, pancreas
• Urinary- elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid
base balance detoxification
• Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Male Reproductive- production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
• Organs: testes, epididymis, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
penis
, • Female Reproductive- production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal nourishment; birth;lactation; secretion of sex hormones
• Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
• Directional terms—be able to use. Describe the different planes & sections. Review the
anatomical terms for bodyparts and regions.
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Term Meaning Examples of Usage
Ventral Toward the front* or belly The
aorta is
ventral
to the
, vertebra
l column.
Dorsal Toward the back or spine The
vertebral
column is
dorsal to
theaorta.
Anterior Toward the ventral side* The sternum is anterior to
the heart.
Posterior Toward the dorsal side* The
esoph
agus
is
posteri
or to
the
trache
a.
Cephalic Toward the head or superior end The cephalic
end of the embryonic
neural tube develops into the brain.
Rostral Toward the forehead or nose The
forebrain is rostral to the brainstem.Caudal Toward the
tail or inferior end The spinal cord is caudal to the brain.
Superior Above The heart is superior to the
diaphragm.
Inferior Below The liver is inferior to the
diaphragm.
Medial Toward the median plane The
heart is medial to the lungs. Lateral Away
from the median plane The
eyes are lateral to the nose. Proximal Closer
to the point of attachment or origin The
elbow is proximal to the wrist.
, Distal Farther from the point of attachment ororigin
The fingernails are at the distal ends ofthe fingers.
Ipsilateral On the same side of the body The liver is
ipsilateral to the appendix. Contralateral On
opposite sides of the body The spleen
is contralateral to the liver.
Superficial Closer to the body surface The skin is
superficial to the muscles.Deep Farther
from the body surface The bones
are deep to the muscles.
• List the body cavities & the four quadrants. What organs are found in each
cavity and quadrant? NameBOTH layers of the lining membrane around the
lungs, heart, intestines & other abdominal viscera
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• Define Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy-the study of structure
• Physiology- the study of function
• List & recognize examples of "levels of organization"
• Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, and organism.
• The body systems, their functions & major organs
• Integumentary- Provides a protective barrier for the body, contains
sensory receptors for pain, touch,temperature
• Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands,
• Skeletal- Protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement
• Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments
• Muscular- moves bones and maintains posture
• Organs: skeletal muscles
• Nervous- controls cell function with hormones
• Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglion
• Endocrine- controls cell function with hormones
• Organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, adrenal glands,pancreas, testes, ovaries
• Circulatory- transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases and wastes in blood
• Organs: heart, blood vessels
• Lymphatic- returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters and eliminates disease
causing organisms
• Organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
• Respiratory- adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Organs- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Digestive- nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver function include
metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids,proteins
• Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, liver,gallbladder, pancreas
• Urinary- elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid
base balance detoxification
• Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Male Reproductive- production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
• Organs: testes, epididymis, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
penis
, • Female Reproductive- production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal nourishment; birth;lactation; secretion of sex hormones
• Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
• Directional terms—be able to use. Describe the different planes & sections. Review the
anatomical terms for bodyparts and regions.
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
e
r
m
s
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
A
n
a
t
o
m
y
Term Meaning Examples of Usage
Ventral Toward the front* or belly The
aorta is
ventral
to the
, vertebra
l column.
Dorsal Toward the back or spine The
vertebral
column is
dorsal to
theaorta.
Anterior Toward the ventral side* The sternum is anterior to
the heart.
Posterior Toward the dorsal side* The
esoph
agus
is
posteri
or to
the
trache
a.
Cephalic Toward the head or superior end The cephalic
end of the embryonic
neural tube develops into the brain.
Rostral Toward the forehead or nose The
forebrain is rostral to the brainstem.Caudal Toward the
tail or inferior end The spinal cord is caudal to the brain.
Superior Above The heart is superior to the
diaphragm.
Inferior Below The liver is inferior to the
diaphragm.
Medial Toward the median plane The
heart is medial to the lungs. Lateral Away
from the median plane The
eyes are lateral to the nose. Proximal Closer
to the point of attachment or origin The
elbow is proximal to the wrist.
, Distal Farther from the point of attachment ororigin
The fingernails are at the distal ends ofthe fingers.
Ipsilateral On the same side of the body The liver is
ipsilateral to the appendix. Contralateral On
opposite sides of the body The spleen
is contralateral to the liver.
Superficial Closer to the body surface The skin is
superficial to the muscles.Deep Farther
from the body surface The bones
are deep to the muscles.
• List the body cavities & the four quadrants. What organs are found in each
cavity and quadrant? NameBOTH layers of the lining membrane around the
lungs, heart, intestines & other abdominal viscera
B
o
d
y
C
a
v
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
M
e
