NES Secondary Professional Knowledge Exam,
(Answered) Verified Solution
Theory: What is Erikson's theory?
Psychosocial Theory of Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are
resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students?
Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory?
Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career
choices. Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many
"second chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory?
Theory of Cognitive Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the
environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students?
-Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can
be applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory?
Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized
presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical
questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory?
Social Development Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction
with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in which they live
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students?
Work within students' ZPD
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory?
-Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding
providing sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first
introduced to students.
,Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD
The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can
do without help and what they can do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory?
Stages of Moral Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental
stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students?
Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's theory?
Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really listen to each
other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students?
1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
Development: How does development contribute to early adolescent's (10~14)
behavior?
-adolescents seeking peers with similar values and recognition/attention/status
-risky activities emerge
-if academic problems become more pronounced then frequent failure leads to less
engagement in school activities
Development: How can you help failing students and students falling behind?
-Suggest and demonstrate effective study strategies
-extra academic support for those struggling
-provide a regular time and place for them to seek guidance and advice on academic or
social matters
-provide opportunities for adolescents to make decisions
, -hold them accountable for their actions and provide appropriate consequences
Development: How does development contribute to late adolescent's (14~18)
behavior?
-associating with "bad" peers
-vast differences in interest of educational tracks
-students in extracurricular activities tend to stay in school longer
-sexual activity and parenting
-neighborhoods/ communities with opportunities / local cultures
Development: How can you help late adolescents' development?
-Communicate caring and respect for all
-Allow choices in subjects, but have high standards
-provide guidance / assistant for low achievers
-help students explore higher education opportunities and career paths
-encourage extracurricular activities
-get them involved in their communities
Vocabulary: synaptic pruning
the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset
of puberty in many mammals
MEANING: improvements in memory and attention
Development: How does the brain develop during adolescence?
Increased:
-planning and decision making skills
-faster cognitive processing
-improved memory and attention
-matured motor and speech functions
Development: How can a teacher support brain development in secondary
students?
1)analyze and regulate emotions
2)support new interest in passions
3)acknowledge positive features of adolescents' new found interests and passions
4)ask them to think about future consequences of their actions
5)steer them away from risky events
6)encourage abstract thinking
7)encourage students to express themselves emotionally and empathize
(Answered) Verified Solution
Theory: What is Erikson's theory?
Psychosocial Theory of Development -
Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are
resolved through interaction with others
Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students?
Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12)
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19)
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory?
Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career
choices. Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many
"second chances"
Theory: What is Piaget's theory?
Theory of Cognitive Development -
Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the
environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students?
-Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can
be applied but not as independent concepts
-Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking,
abstract logic and reasoning
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory?
Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized
presentation, use familiar examples
Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical
questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection
Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory?
Social Development Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction
with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in which they live
Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students?
Work within students' ZPD
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory?
-Scaffolding
-accessibility to tools that support thinking
-build on cultural funds of knowledge
-utilize dialogue and learning groups
Vocabulary: Scaffolding
providing sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first
introduced to students.
,Might include:
-resources
-a compelling task
-templates and guides
-guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills
Vocabulary: ZPD
The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can
do without help and what they can do with help
Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory?
Stages of Moral Development -
Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental
stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor
Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students?
Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels:
-Interpersonal accord and conformity
-Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
-Social contract orientation
Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Kohlberg's theory?
Help students:
examine their dilemmas, see others' perspectives, help students really listen to each
other, and ensure your class reflects concern for moral issues and values
Development: What 3 areas of development occur in secondary students?
1) Physical/biological
2) Cognitive
3) Socioemotional (including moral)
Development: How does development contribute to early adolescent's (10~14)
behavior?
-adolescents seeking peers with similar values and recognition/attention/status
-risky activities emerge
-if academic problems become more pronounced then frequent failure leads to less
engagement in school activities
Development: How can you help failing students and students falling behind?
-Suggest and demonstrate effective study strategies
-extra academic support for those struggling
-provide a regular time and place for them to seek guidance and advice on academic or
social matters
-provide opportunities for adolescents to make decisions
, -hold them accountable for their actions and provide appropriate consequences
Development: How does development contribute to late adolescent's (14~18)
behavior?
-associating with "bad" peers
-vast differences in interest of educational tracks
-students in extracurricular activities tend to stay in school longer
-sexual activity and parenting
-neighborhoods/ communities with opportunities / local cultures
Development: How can you help late adolescents' development?
-Communicate caring and respect for all
-Allow choices in subjects, but have high standards
-provide guidance / assistant for low achievers
-help students explore higher education opportunities and career paths
-encourage extracurricular activities
-get them involved in their communities
Vocabulary: synaptic pruning
the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset
of puberty in many mammals
MEANING: improvements in memory and attention
Development: How does the brain develop during adolescence?
Increased:
-planning and decision making skills
-faster cognitive processing
-improved memory and attention
-matured motor and speech functions
Development: How can a teacher support brain development in secondary
students?
1)analyze and regulate emotions
2)support new interest in passions
3)acknowledge positive features of adolescents' new found interests and passions
4)ask them to think about future consequences of their actions
5)steer them away from risky events
6)encourage abstract thinking
7)encourage students to express themselves emotionally and empathize
