NURSING DL-F Quiz 1, Questions With Correct Answers (Graded A)

NURSING DL-F Quiz 1, Questions With Correct Answers (Graded A). After locating research findings relevant to a clinical question, the evidence must be appraised. Which is a primary consideration in the appraisal process? Selected Answer: D. The quality, validity, and credibility of the evidence Answers: A. The number of relevant studies addressing the clinical question B. The credentials of the researchers who undertook key studies C. The prestige of the journal in which the findings were published D. The quality, validity, and credibility of the evidence Response Feedback: Evidence quality is central to coming to conclusions about whether relevant evidence can be used in practice settings. No matter who conducted a study, in which journal a study was published, or how many studies have been undertaken, the evidence must be sufficiently rigorous to be used by clinicians.  Question 7 10 out of 10 points What is a central assumption of the constructivist paradigm? Selected Answer: D. Reality is not fixed; it is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans. Answers: A. Values and biases can and should be held in check in studying the real world. B. Phenomena are not haphazard and result from prior causes. C. Objective reality and natural phenomena are regular and orderly. D. Reality is not fixed; it is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans. Response Feedback: In the constructivist (naturalistic) paradigm, in contrast to the positivist paradigm, it is assumed that reality is not fixed but is rather a construction of human minds; thus, “truth” is a composite of multiple constructions of reality.  Question 8 10 out of 10 points A nurse begins an evidence-based practice (EBP) endeavor with the following question: “Does a static air overlay mattress reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers among high risk clients?” In this question, which of the PICO components is high-risk clients? Selected Answer: A. Population Answers: A. Population B. Comparator C. Outcome D. Intervention or influence Response Feedback: The “P” component (population) in this question is clients at high risk of pressure ulcers. The mattress is the “I” component (intervention). The outcome is incidence of pressure ulcers. In this question, there is no comparator (“C” component).  Question 9 10 out of 10 points What does the process of deductive reasoning entail? Selected Answer: A. Developing specific predictions from general principles or theories Answers: A. Developing specific predictions from general principles or theories B. Forming generalizations from specific observations C. Drawing conclusions based on trial and error D. Verifying assumptions that are part of our heritage Response Feedback: Inductive reasoning is the process of developing generalizations from specific observations. Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. Logical reasoning does not involve the verification of assumptions about tradition nor coming to conclusions based on trial and error.  Question 10 10 out of 10 points Which is a characteristic of the traditional scientific method? Selected Answer: B. Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena Answers: A. Inductive reasoning B. Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena C. A flexible, emergent design D. Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context Response Feedback: The scientific method refers to a set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire information, and this includes the systematic measurement (quantification) of natural phenomena. By systematic, the investigator gathers quantified data (measurements) in a pre-planned manner, using methods that are consistent across study participants. Constructivist researchers tend to emphasize the dynamic, holistic, and individual aspects of human life and attempt to capture those aspects in their entirety, within the context of those who are experiencing them. Tuesday, September 4, 2018 5:55:50 PM EDT Question 1 10 out of 10 points For individual-level efforts at putting research into practice, nurses follow five major steps. Which step is first in the process? Selected Answer: A. Framing a clinical question that can be answered with research evidence Answers: A. Framing a clinical question that can be answered with research evidence B. Integrating evidence with other factors such as client preferences C. Appraising and synthesizing the evidence D. Searching for and obtaining relevant research evidence Response Feedback: Individual nurses can put research into practice using five basic steps, in this order: (1) framing a clinical question for which research evidence is relevant, (2) searching for and retrieving relevant research evidence, (3) appraising and synthesizing the evidence, (4) integrating evidence with other factors, and (5) assessing effectiveness. Question 2 10 out of 10 points In the United States, in what area does research play an important role for nursing? Selected Answer: D. Credentialing and status of nursing Answers: A. Nurses’ salaries B. Nurses’ opportunities for practicing internationally C. Nurses’ education D. Credentialing and status of nursing Response Feedback: In the United States, research plays an important role in nursing in terms of credentialing and status. In particular, research and efforts to promote evidence-based practice are key elements of the Magnet recognition program. Changes to nursing practice now occur regularly because of EBP efforts, and these efforts enhance the status of the profession. Question 3 10 out of 10 points Which is a limitation of the scientific method for answering questions about human experiences and health? Selected Answer: A. The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits Answers: A. The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits B. The inability to control potential biases C. The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs D. The shortage of theories about human behavior Response Feedback: One important limitation of the scientific method for studying human beings is that they are highly complex and individualistic. Human characteristics are extremely difficult to measure (quantify) in an accurate, valid, and objective manner. Question 4 10 out of 10 points What does the process of deductive reasoning entail? Selected Answer: C. Developing specific predictions from general principles or theories Answers: A. Drawing conclusions based on trial and error B. Forming generalizations from specific observations C. Developing specific predictions from general principles or theories D. Verifying assumptions that are part of our heritage Response Feedback: Inductive reasoning is the process of developing generalizations from specific observations. Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. Logical reasoning does not involve the verification of assumptions about tradition nor coming to conclusions based on trial and error. Question 5 10 out of 10 points One criticism of the scientific method is that it is: Selected Answer: C. reductionist. Answers: A. empirical. B. deductive. C. reductionist. D. deterministic. Response Feedback: Researchers who reject the traditional scientific method believe that it is overly reductionist in that the method reduces human experience to the few concepts under investigation. Moreover, those concepts are defined in advance by the researcher rather than emerging from the experiences of the people under study. Question 6 10 out of 10 points During an appraisal of the evidence, researchers often use such indexes as the effect size or absolute risk reduction to come to conclusions about: Selected Answer: A. the magnitude of effects. Answers: A. the magnitude of effects. B. quality of the evidence. C. precision of evidence estimates. D. financial costs. Response Feedback: Clinicians undertaking an EBP effort need to understand not only whether the evidence is valid (quality of the evidence) but also how powerful any effects are—that is, their magnitude. Indexes such as effect size and absolute risk reduction quantify the magnitude of effects of an intervention (or influence) on outcomes. These indexes do not provide information about precision or financial costs. Question 7 10 out of 10 points Which statement best describes clinical practice guidelines? Selected Answer: C. They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice based on a distillation of available evidence. Answers: A. They provide general recommendations for evidence-based decision making. B. They are universally useful, regardless of context or country of adoption. C. They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice based on a distillation of available evidence. D. They are designed to offer suggestions for areas in which more research is needed. Response Feedback: Clinical practice guidelines give specific recommendations for evidence-based decision making. Their intent is to influence what clinicians do in specific situations. Guidelines are often context-specific, so different guidelines may be used in different countries. The purpose of the guidelines is to guide clinicians, not researchers, regarding what areas are in need of further study.