Chapter 3
(Summary Note)
Outline:
- Drug Absorption
- Drug Distribution
- Drug Metabolism
- Drug Excretion
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Onset, Peak, and Duration
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (peak time)
- Receptor Theory
- Agonist, Partial Agonist, and Antagonist
- Nonspecific and Nonselective drug effects
- Mechanism of Drug Action
- Side effects, Adverse drug reaction, and Drug toxicity
- Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis
- Placebo Effect
Pharmacology Transes
, Chapter 3 B. Active Transport – requires a carrier such
as an enzyme pr protein to move the
Pharmacokinetics and drug against concentration gradient.
Pharmacodynamics C. Pinocytosis – cells carry a drug by
Terms to Remember: engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.
1. Excipients
- fillers and inert substances combined in
a drug such as fillers, binders, flavoring
agents, and preservatives which
enhances drug dissolution E.g. (penicillin
is poorly absorbed by GI tract because
of gastric acid, however, by adding
potassium or sodium salts, penicillin can
be absorbed).
2. Dissolution
- disintegration of solid drug into smaller
particles and combined with liquid to
form a solution.
3. Enteric Coated Drugs
- drugs that resist disintegration in the
gastric acid of the stomach *should not
be crushed.
4. Prodrugs
- A compound that is metabolized into
an active pharmacologic substance.
5. Drug Half-life
- the time it takes for the amount of drug
in the body to be reduced by half. ✓ Fact:
6. Steady state Drug that are lipid soluble and non-iodized are
- Occurs when the number of drugs absorbed faster than water-soluble and iodized
being administered is the same as the drugs - *Because the cell membrane is lipoid (a
number of drugs being eliminated. lipid), lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly.
7. Potency Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes
- amount of drug needed to elicit a more rapidly than larger ones.
specific physiologic response to a drug.
8. Drug Interaction Physiological Factors affecting drug absorption:
- Defined as an altered or modified action 1. Blood flow
or effect of a drug as a result of 2. Pain
interaction with one or multiple drugs. 3. stress
- 4. hunger
PHARMACOKINETICS 5. fasting
- The process of drug movement throughout the 6. food
body necessary to achieve drug action. 7. pH
- *How the body affects the drugs.
Drug absorption speed ranking by
Four Processes (*A,D,M,E) administration site. (Fastest to slowest)
a. Intravenous
1. Absorption
b. Intramuscular (depending on blood flow)
▪ Movement of drug into the bloodstream
c. Subcutaneous
Process of drug absorption
d. Oral (enteral)
A. Passive transport
e. Rectal
a. Diffusion – from high to low
▪ In the liver, some oral drugs are metabolized
concentration
to an inactive form and are excreted, thus
b. Facilitated diffusion – relies on carrier
reducing the amount of active drug – first
protein, higher to lower
pass effect.
concentration.
Pharmacology Transes
(Summary Note)
Outline:
- Drug Absorption
- Drug Distribution
- Drug Metabolism
- Drug Excretion
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Onset, Peak, and Duration
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (peak time)
- Receptor Theory
- Agonist, Partial Agonist, and Antagonist
- Nonspecific and Nonselective drug effects
- Mechanism of Drug Action
- Side effects, Adverse drug reaction, and Drug toxicity
- Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis
- Placebo Effect
Pharmacology Transes
, Chapter 3 B. Active Transport – requires a carrier such
as an enzyme pr protein to move the
Pharmacokinetics and drug against concentration gradient.
Pharmacodynamics C. Pinocytosis – cells carry a drug by
Terms to Remember: engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.
1. Excipients
- fillers and inert substances combined in
a drug such as fillers, binders, flavoring
agents, and preservatives which
enhances drug dissolution E.g. (penicillin
is poorly absorbed by GI tract because
of gastric acid, however, by adding
potassium or sodium salts, penicillin can
be absorbed).
2. Dissolution
- disintegration of solid drug into smaller
particles and combined with liquid to
form a solution.
3. Enteric Coated Drugs
- drugs that resist disintegration in the
gastric acid of the stomach *should not
be crushed.
4. Prodrugs
- A compound that is metabolized into
an active pharmacologic substance.
5. Drug Half-life
- the time it takes for the amount of drug
in the body to be reduced by half. ✓ Fact:
6. Steady state Drug that are lipid soluble and non-iodized are
- Occurs when the number of drugs absorbed faster than water-soluble and iodized
being administered is the same as the drugs - *Because the cell membrane is lipoid (a
number of drugs being eliminated. lipid), lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly.
7. Potency Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes
- amount of drug needed to elicit a more rapidly than larger ones.
specific physiologic response to a drug.
8. Drug Interaction Physiological Factors affecting drug absorption:
- Defined as an altered or modified action 1. Blood flow
or effect of a drug as a result of 2. Pain
interaction with one or multiple drugs. 3. stress
- 4. hunger
PHARMACOKINETICS 5. fasting
- The process of drug movement throughout the 6. food
body necessary to achieve drug action. 7. pH
- *How the body affects the drugs.
Drug absorption speed ranking by
Four Processes (*A,D,M,E) administration site. (Fastest to slowest)
a. Intravenous
1. Absorption
b. Intramuscular (depending on blood flow)
▪ Movement of drug into the bloodstream
c. Subcutaneous
Process of drug absorption
d. Oral (enteral)
A. Passive transport
e. Rectal
a. Diffusion – from high to low
▪ In the liver, some oral drugs are metabolized
concentration
to an inactive form and are excreted, thus
b. Facilitated diffusion – relies on carrier
reducing the amount of active drug – first
protein, higher to lower
pass effect.
concentration.
Pharmacology Transes
