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Thema 1 - Neuropathologie

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Thema 1 - Neuropathologie

HC – ziekte van Alzheimer

Dementie is veel breder. Oorzaken van dementie:
- Alzheimer (60%)
- Lewy body related dementias (10%)
- Vasculaire dementie (10%)
- Overige groei
In de meeste gevallen wordt dementie veroorzaakt door meer dan een van deze
oorzaken. De algemene laatste pathway van alle deze dementie ziekten is het verlies van
functie van neuronen en synapsen.

Hersen structuren die geassocieerd zijn met dementie: cerebrale cortex, witte stof,
hippocampus, amygdala en de thalamus.

Specifieke functies van de cerebrale cortex: plannen, persoonlijkheid, emoties
(prefrontaal), taal (dominante insula regio), herkenning en oriëntatie (pariëtaal),
geheugen en motor functies (verschillende zijden).

Macroscopie van AD: er treedt atrofie op wat begint in de hippocampus  temporaal
kwab  frontaal  pariëtaal  occiputaal. Er zijn geen andere lesies te zien die de
dementie kunnen verklaren. Atrofie is echter niet specifiek voor AD en is niet altijd
aanwezig.

Early onset AD  voor 65 levensjaar.
Late onset of AD  na 65ste levensjaar.

Diagnose  klinische kenmerken, neuro-imaging, nooit 100% zekerheid, pas met
neuropathologie na overlijden.

Microscopie van AD:
- Neuritische plaques
- Neurofibrillaire degeneratie
o Tangles (NFT)
o Dystropische neurieten (in plaques)
o Neurofiel draden (NT)
- Cerebrale amyloid angiopathie (CAA)
- Witte stof veranderingen
- Diffuse plaques (DP) = NP zonder dystropische neurieten

Ophopingen van eiwitten  diffuse plaques, ophoping in neuronen (beta-amyloid), in
neurofibrillaire tangles hoopt het TAU eiwit zich op.

Amyloid β
- Gewijzigd metabolisme van het precurser eiwit APP  40 of 42 aminozuren lang
- Belangrijkste eiwit in neuritische plaques en CAA
- Voornamelijk extracellulair
- Voor een deel aanwezig in de vorm van amyloid (niet hetzelfde als amyloid β)

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