1.Which is the most ideal feedstock for coking' process used for the production of petroleum coke?
Generally, the feedstocks for coking processes are heavy residual oils or bitumens, which are high in
sulfur and metals, such as vacuum residue, deasphalted oil, or pitch. However, the quality and
properties of the coke produced can vary depending on the specific feedstock used, as well as the
coking process conditions.
2. Which catalyst is used in catalytic polymerization process to produce polymer
Ethylene polymerization: Ziegler-Natta catalysts, such as titanium trichloride and triethylaluminum,
are commonly used in the polymerization of ethylene to produce polyethylene.
3. Which catalyst is used in isomerization process?
Platinum-based catalysts, such as platinum on alumina, are commonly used in the isomerization
4. Which is the most widely used cracking process in oil refineries?
The most widely used cracking process in oil refineries is fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). FCC is a
process that uses a catalyst to crack heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones.
5. What is the most important property of a jet fuel?
The flash point is the most important property of jet fuel, as it is critical to ensuring safe handling and
storage of the fuel, both on the ground and in flight.
, 1. What is ASTM gap and TBP overlap?
ASTM gap and TBP overlap are two terms used to describe potential issues with the
measurement and characterization of petroleum fractions, particularly those obtained through
distillation.
ASTM gap refers to the gap between the boiling points of adjacent fractions as determined by
ASTM D86 or D2892 distillation methods. If the gap between two adjacent fractions is too large,
it can result in inaccurate characterization of the intermediate fractions, which can lead to errors
in the estimation of physical properties and performance characteristics of the final product.
TBP (true boiling point) overlap refers to the overlap of the boiling point ranges of adjacent
fractions as determined by TBP distillation curves. TBP is a more precise method for
characterizing petroleum fractions compared to ASTM D86 or D2892, but even with TBP, there
can be some overlap between adjacent fractions. If the overlap is significant, it can lead to
inaccurate estimation of the physical and performance characteristics of the final product.
To mitigate these issues, it is important to carefully choose the distillation method and conditions to
ensure that the ASTM gap and TBP overlap are minimized, and to use other analytical techniques,
such as gas chromatography, to provide additional information on the composition and properties of
the fractions.
2. Differentiate 'True vapor pressure from 'Reid vapor pressure' of a sample
True vapor pressure (TVP) and Reid vapor pressure (RVP) are both measures of the tendency of a
liquid to evaporate and form a vapor at a given temperature, but they are determined using different
methods and under different conditions.
True vapor pressure refers to the vapor pressure of a pure liquid at a specific temperature. It is
measured using a closed system in which the liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor, and the
pressure of the vapor is measured. True vapor pressure is an important parameter for determining
the volatility and evaporation rate of liquids, including petroleum products.
Reid vapor pressure, on the other hand, is a measure of the vapor pressure of gasoline or other
volatile petroleum products at 100°F (37.8°C). It is determined by the ASTM D323 method, which
involves heating the sample in a closed chamber and measuring the pressure of the vapor that is
released. RVP is used as a quality control parameter for gasoline and other fuels, as it is an indicator
of their volatility and ability to perform in different environmental conditions.
While both TVP and RVP are measures of vapor pressure, TVP is determined using a closed system
and is specific to the temperature of interest, while RVP is determined using a standardized method
Generally, the feedstocks for coking processes are heavy residual oils or bitumens, which are high in
sulfur and metals, such as vacuum residue, deasphalted oil, or pitch. However, the quality and
properties of the coke produced can vary depending on the specific feedstock used, as well as the
coking process conditions.
2. Which catalyst is used in catalytic polymerization process to produce polymer
Ethylene polymerization: Ziegler-Natta catalysts, such as titanium trichloride and triethylaluminum,
are commonly used in the polymerization of ethylene to produce polyethylene.
3. Which catalyst is used in isomerization process?
Platinum-based catalysts, such as platinum on alumina, are commonly used in the isomerization
4. Which is the most widely used cracking process in oil refineries?
The most widely used cracking process in oil refineries is fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). FCC is a
process that uses a catalyst to crack heavy hydrocarbons into lighter ones.
5. What is the most important property of a jet fuel?
The flash point is the most important property of jet fuel, as it is critical to ensuring safe handling and
storage of the fuel, both on the ground and in flight.
, 1. What is ASTM gap and TBP overlap?
ASTM gap and TBP overlap are two terms used to describe potential issues with the
measurement and characterization of petroleum fractions, particularly those obtained through
distillation.
ASTM gap refers to the gap between the boiling points of adjacent fractions as determined by
ASTM D86 or D2892 distillation methods. If the gap between two adjacent fractions is too large,
it can result in inaccurate characterization of the intermediate fractions, which can lead to errors
in the estimation of physical properties and performance characteristics of the final product.
TBP (true boiling point) overlap refers to the overlap of the boiling point ranges of adjacent
fractions as determined by TBP distillation curves. TBP is a more precise method for
characterizing petroleum fractions compared to ASTM D86 or D2892, but even with TBP, there
can be some overlap between adjacent fractions. If the overlap is significant, it can lead to
inaccurate estimation of the physical and performance characteristics of the final product.
To mitigate these issues, it is important to carefully choose the distillation method and conditions to
ensure that the ASTM gap and TBP overlap are minimized, and to use other analytical techniques,
such as gas chromatography, to provide additional information on the composition and properties of
the fractions.
2. Differentiate 'True vapor pressure from 'Reid vapor pressure' of a sample
True vapor pressure (TVP) and Reid vapor pressure (RVP) are both measures of the tendency of a
liquid to evaporate and form a vapor at a given temperature, but they are determined using different
methods and under different conditions.
True vapor pressure refers to the vapor pressure of a pure liquid at a specific temperature. It is
measured using a closed system in which the liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor, and the
pressure of the vapor is measured. True vapor pressure is an important parameter for determining
the volatility and evaporation rate of liquids, including petroleum products.
Reid vapor pressure, on the other hand, is a measure of the vapor pressure of gasoline or other
volatile petroleum products at 100°F (37.8°C). It is determined by the ASTM D323 method, which
involves heating the sample in a closed chamber and measuring the pressure of the vapor that is
released. RVP is used as a quality control parameter for gasoline and other fuels, as it is an indicator
of their volatility and ability to perform in different environmental conditions.
While both TVP and RVP are measures of vapor pressure, TVP is determined using a closed system
and is specific to the temperature of interest, while RVP is determined using a standardized method
