Geography AQA GCSE PAPER 1 (2022/2023) ALREADY PASSED

Geography AQA GCSE PAPER 1 (2022/2023) ALREADY PASSED Natural Hazard A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy proprty or posesions. Natural disaster A natural hzard that has actualy happened Geological hazards Caused by kand and tectonic processes Meteorological hazards Caused by weather and climate Factors affecting hazard risk Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change Tectonic plates Slabs of the Earth's crust Continental crust thicker and less dense Oceanic crust thinner and more dense Tectonic plate movement caused by convection currents underneath the Earth's crust Destructive plate Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake Constructive plates Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano Conservative plate Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes Earthquake causes two plates 'jerking' past each other the focus the point in the Earth the earthquake starts Epicentre the point on the Earth' surface straight above the focus Where are volcanoes found At destructive and constructive plate marhgins Where are earthquakes found At all three types of plate margin Earthquake Primary effects buildings and bridges collapse people are injured or killed Roads are destroyed Earthquake Secondary effects Can trigger landslides, tsunamis = destruction homeless can die from the cold Leaking gas can start fires Earthquake Immediate responses Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings and treat injured people Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies , equipment or financial donations to the areas affected Earthquake Long term responses Re-house people who have lost their homes Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads, railways and bridges. Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas, communication connections Volcanoes Primary effects Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Buildings may also collapse if enough ash falls onto them. People & animals are injured/killed by pyroclastic flows, lava,falling rocks Volcanoes Secondary effects Mudflows form when volcanic material is mixed with water and landslides cause destruction, death & injury. Tourism can be disrupted straight after and the eruption - but often it can increase afterwards with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes Ash makes fields more fertile once it's broken down Volcanoes Immediate responses Evacuate people before the eruption if it was predicted or evacuate as soon as possible after direction starts Provide temporary supplies of electricity gas and communication systems if regular supplies have been damaged Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial donations to areas affected Volcanoes Long term responses Repair and rebuild if possible or resettle affected people elsewhere. Repair and reconnect damaged infrastructure (roads, rail, power l