MSN 570 Advance Patho
MI - correct answerDeath of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary
artery blood flow What causes cell death in MI? - correct answerunstable
plaque breaks off, triggering platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and
thrombus formation. continued no blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20
minutes cell die What consequence of cell death leads to CP? - correct
answerhypoxia as cannot meet cell demand for oxygen How is MI diagnosed
- correct answerEKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin (non-STEMI) What might
you find in blood consistent with MI? - correct answerelevated CK MB,
Troponin Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? - correct
answerRelease of lysosomal enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial
necrosis, Troponin released from damaged heart muscle 3 mechanism of cell
injury related to reperfussion injury - correct answerischemia, necrosis,
reperfussion l/t RAS define reperfussion injury - correct answerinjury that
occurs after oxygen is reintroduced to tissue perfusion how does
inflammatory process contribute to reperfussion injury? - correct answeras
oxygen is reintroduced it comes in contact with damaged proteins triggering
inflammatory response how does oxidative process contribute to RI? - correct
answerRAS causes impairment of cell membrane and pro-apotptoic cells
release. making cell unstable what is primary Hypertension? - correct
answerEssential or idiopathic, elevated BP without an identified cause,
accounts for 90 - 95% of all cases of hypertension? what is secondary
hypertension? - correct answerElevated BP, labile BP; related to conditions ie
kidney dz; resistant to BP meds what is significance of Ventricular
hypertrophy and HTN? - correct answerpersistent hypertension leads to
ventricular hypertrophy; decrease CO what comorbidities/conditions does
HTN cause? - correct answerstroke, ischemia, heart failure, aneurysm,
hemorrhage what is preload? - correct answervolume of blood in ventricles at
end of diastole what is afterload? - correct answerperipheral resistance
against which the left ventricle must pump hoe does HTN l/t CHF? - correct
answeroverwork left ventricle due to increase pressure; decreased pumping
ability of heart and decreases CO. identify pathological process of gangrene?
- correct answerform of coagulative necrosis; interruption of blood flow l/t
denaturing cells enzymes and bacterial invasion three types of gangrene -
correct answerdry, wet & gas what is the major treatment approach for
gangrene? - correct answerremoving affective tissue to prevent infection;
treating problem that led to gangrene why use antibiotic for gangrene? -
, correct answerto slow bacterial damage What are the two major necrotic
processes? - correct answerCoagulative and liquifactive What is coagulative
necrosis? - correct answernecrosis caused y interruption of blood flow l/t
desrease Ph, and bacterial growth what is liquifactive necrosis? - correct
answerCaustic enzymes dissolve and liquify necrotic cell; cottage cheese like
appearance. Describe dry gangrene - correct answerhypoxia l/t ischemia l/t
last of blood flow l/t coagulative necrosis Describe wet gangrene - correct
answerextensive damage from bacteria with WBC's that have invaided site
produces a liquid wound describe gas gangrene - correct answerPresence of
clostridium (aerobic bacteria) releases toxins and destroy surrounding cell.
Most fatal. Colon cancer inherited vs genetic - correct answerColon CA
inherited- occurs on gremline Colon CA genetic occurs on somatic cells
Describe FAP - familial adenomatous polyposis - correct answerGene defect
on chromosome 1 or 5; involves tumor suppressor genes, hereditary
condition Describe HNPCC - hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal CA - correct
answerAKA Lynch syndrome; genetic condition; impair DNA mismatch repair
what are tumor suppressor genes? - correct answersuppress cell growth and
division; act like brakes; TP 53 mutation can cause cancer What are photo-
oncogne? - correct answerInvolved in normal cell growth and divisions what
are oncogene? - correct answeroncogene is the result of mutation on photo-
oncogenes' act like accelerators, occurs mostly on somatic cells What are
DNA repair genes? - correct answerDuring interphase, DNA repair genes
monitor and repair abnormal DNA; ie. t53 What are the three phases of
cancer progression? - correct answerInitiation, promotion and progression
phases Describe initiation phase in cancer development - correct
answerExposure of normal cell to substance that l/t DNA mutation Describe
promotion phase in cancer development - correct answerMutatel cells then
are exposed to factors such as hormones, nicotine, that promotes further
growth Describe progression phase in cancer development - correct
answerTumor invades other cells; metastasis ; may become resistant to
drugs. What does low hemoglobin represent in cancer? - correct answerthis
represents low red blood cells, either due to bleeding, or because cancer cell
is diverting blood as it needs blood to grow . Why is cancer pt fatigued? -
correct answerbecause tumor cells are using all bodies energy to grow DNA
divide. Why does cancer pt loose weight? - correct answerabsorption is
impaired How is colon cancer diagnosed? - correct answergold standart test
is colonoscopy ; biopsy taken What does tissue biopsy reveal? - correct
answerBiopsy reveals the stage of cells to determine how invasive
abnormality is. What is advantage and disadvantage of surgery for colon CA?
- correct answeradvantage = to remove tumor and surrounding tissue;
MI - correct answerDeath of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary
artery blood flow What causes cell death in MI? - correct answerunstable
plaque breaks off, triggering platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and
thrombus formation. continued no blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20
minutes cell die What consequence of cell death leads to CP? - correct
answerhypoxia as cannot meet cell demand for oxygen How is MI diagnosed
- correct answerEKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin (non-STEMI) What might
you find in blood consistent with MI? - correct answerelevated CK MB,
Troponin Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? - correct
answerRelease of lysosomal enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial
necrosis, Troponin released from damaged heart muscle 3 mechanism of cell
injury related to reperfussion injury - correct answerischemia, necrosis,
reperfussion l/t RAS define reperfussion injury - correct answerinjury that
occurs after oxygen is reintroduced to tissue perfusion how does
inflammatory process contribute to reperfussion injury? - correct answeras
oxygen is reintroduced it comes in contact with damaged proteins triggering
inflammatory response how does oxidative process contribute to RI? - correct
answerRAS causes impairment of cell membrane and pro-apotptoic cells
release. making cell unstable what is primary Hypertension? - correct
answerEssential or idiopathic, elevated BP without an identified cause,
accounts for 90 - 95% of all cases of hypertension? what is secondary
hypertension? - correct answerElevated BP, labile BP; related to conditions ie
kidney dz; resistant to BP meds what is significance of Ventricular
hypertrophy and HTN? - correct answerpersistent hypertension leads to
ventricular hypertrophy; decrease CO what comorbidities/conditions does
HTN cause? - correct answerstroke, ischemia, heart failure, aneurysm,
hemorrhage what is preload? - correct answervolume of blood in ventricles at
end of diastole what is afterload? - correct answerperipheral resistance
against which the left ventricle must pump hoe does HTN l/t CHF? - correct
answeroverwork left ventricle due to increase pressure; decreased pumping
ability of heart and decreases CO. identify pathological process of gangrene?
- correct answerform of coagulative necrosis; interruption of blood flow l/t
denaturing cells enzymes and bacterial invasion three types of gangrene -
correct answerdry, wet & gas what is the major treatment approach for
gangrene? - correct answerremoving affective tissue to prevent infection;
treating problem that led to gangrene why use antibiotic for gangrene? -
, correct answerto slow bacterial damage What are the two major necrotic
processes? - correct answerCoagulative and liquifactive What is coagulative
necrosis? - correct answernecrosis caused y interruption of blood flow l/t
desrease Ph, and bacterial growth what is liquifactive necrosis? - correct
answerCaustic enzymes dissolve and liquify necrotic cell; cottage cheese like
appearance. Describe dry gangrene - correct answerhypoxia l/t ischemia l/t
last of blood flow l/t coagulative necrosis Describe wet gangrene - correct
answerextensive damage from bacteria with WBC's that have invaided site
produces a liquid wound describe gas gangrene - correct answerPresence of
clostridium (aerobic bacteria) releases toxins and destroy surrounding cell.
Most fatal. Colon cancer inherited vs genetic - correct answerColon CA
inherited- occurs on gremline Colon CA genetic occurs on somatic cells
Describe FAP - familial adenomatous polyposis - correct answerGene defect
on chromosome 1 or 5; involves tumor suppressor genes, hereditary
condition Describe HNPCC - hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal CA - correct
answerAKA Lynch syndrome; genetic condition; impair DNA mismatch repair
what are tumor suppressor genes? - correct answersuppress cell growth and
division; act like brakes; TP 53 mutation can cause cancer What are photo-
oncogne? - correct answerInvolved in normal cell growth and divisions what
are oncogene? - correct answeroncogene is the result of mutation on photo-
oncogenes' act like accelerators, occurs mostly on somatic cells What are
DNA repair genes? - correct answerDuring interphase, DNA repair genes
monitor and repair abnormal DNA; ie. t53 What are the three phases of
cancer progression? - correct answerInitiation, promotion and progression
phases Describe initiation phase in cancer development - correct
answerExposure of normal cell to substance that l/t DNA mutation Describe
promotion phase in cancer development - correct answerMutatel cells then
are exposed to factors such as hormones, nicotine, that promotes further
growth Describe progression phase in cancer development - correct
answerTumor invades other cells; metastasis ; may become resistant to
drugs. What does low hemoglobin represent in cancer? - correct answerthis
represents low red blood cells, either due to bleeding, or because cancer cell
is diverting blood as it needs blood to grow . Why is cancer pt fatigued? -
correct answerbecause tumor cells are using all bodies energy to grow DNA
divide. Why does cancer pt loose weight? - correct answerabsorption is
impaired How is colon cancer diagnosed? - correct answergold standart test
is colonoscopy ; biopsy taken What does tissue biopsy reveal? - correct
answerBiopsy reveals the stage of cells to determine how invasive
abnormality is. What is advantage and disadvantage of surgery for colon CA?
- correct answeradvantage = to remove tumor and surrounding tissue;
