MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome - correct answercharacterized by massive proteinuria
caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated
with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - correct
answerLesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are
termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are
termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis). Glomerular injury:
Global and Segmental - correct answerWhen a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental
if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected. Glomerulonephritis -
correct answerAn inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms. Nephritic syndrome -
correct answerAssociated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response
that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation. 1.)
LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic
RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage Proliferative structural
(histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which
are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus
and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis. necrotizing structural
(histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to cellular death. Benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - correct
answerA common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that
occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50. Bladder cancer - correct
answercancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major
sign is hematuria Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - correct
answerHistory physical examination urinalysis renal ultrasound CT
intravenous pyelogram MRI. Hydronephrosis - correct answerAn abnormal
dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
, secondary to a disease. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - correct
answerinherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the
kidneys Renal cell carcinoma - correct answercancerous tumor that arises
from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults
(most common in those 50-70 years of age). Renal cell carcinoma signs and
symptoms - correct answerHematuria An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is
affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic
problems. Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - correct answerPainless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the
beginning. Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may
be present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease
in bladder capacity. Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually
signs of more advanced cancer. Other general symptoms such as fatigue,
weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more advanced disease.
Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration. Treatment for
hydronephrosis - correct answertreat underlying cause and facilitating urine
flow will be necessary if UTIs develop. Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma -
correct answera rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from
residual embryonic or fetal tissue IgE - correct answerImmunoglobulin E.
Antibody attached to mast cells and basophils. Responds to parasites and
triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and heparin.
IgM - correct answerFirst immunoglobulin formed in response to antigen.
Fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG. Present in
lymphocyte cells and the first antibody made by a developing fetus. IgA -
correct answerFound in membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal
tract, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum. Important in local immunity. IgD -
correct answerPresent in blood serum in small amounts and on B-cell
surfaces. Receptor for antigens and helps anchor cell membranes. IgG -
correct answerSecond response after IgM. Main defense against bacteria and
can cross the placenta to protect the fetus against infections, giving it
passive immunity. Eventually replaces IgM. ICF - correct answerIntraCellular
Fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and proteins.
Hyperkalemia - correct answerexcessive potassium in the blood;
manifestations include: Neuromuscular: Paresthesias Muscle cramps
Weakness/fatigue Hyperreflexia Flaccid paralysis (later) Anxiety
Cardiovascular: Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes and dysrhythmias
Nephrotic syndrome - correct answercharacterized by massive proteinuria
caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated
with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - correct
answerLesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are
termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are
termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis). Glomerular injury:
Global and Segmental - correct answerWhen a whole glomerulus (singular) is
affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental
if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected. Glomerulonephritis -
correct answerAn inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms
occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms. Nephritic syndrome -
correct answerAssociated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response
that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation. 1.)
LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital
edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic
RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a
attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage Proliferative structural
(histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to an increase in glomerular
cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which
are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells
accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to
glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus
and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis. necrotizing structural
(histologic) descriptor - correct answerrefers to cellular death. Benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - correct
answerA common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that
occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50. Bladder cancer - correct
answercancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major
sign is hematuria Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - correct
answerHistory physical examination urinalysis renal ultrasound CT
intravenous pyelogram MRI. Hydronephrosis - correct answerAn abnormal
dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
, secondary to a disease. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - correct
answerinherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the
kidneys Renal cell carcinoma - correct answercancerous tumor that arises
from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults
(most common in those 50-70 years of age). Renal cell carcinoma signs and
symptoms - correct answerHematuria An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is
affected, then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic
problems. Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - correct answerPainless
hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the
beginning. Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may
be present and occur due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease
in bladder capacity. Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually
signs of more advanced cancer. Other general symptoms such as fatigue,
weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more advanced disease.
Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or
abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration. Treatment for
hydronephrosis - correct answertreat underlying cause and facilitating urine
flow will be necessary if UTIs develop. Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma -
correct answera rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from
residual embryonic or fetal tissue IgE - correct answerImmunoglobulin E.
Antibody attached to mast cells and basophils. Responds to parasites and
triggers allergic/inflammatory reactions to release histamine and heparin.
IgM - correct answerFirst immunoglobulin formed in response to antigen.
Fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG. Present in
lymphocyte cells and the first antibody made by a developing fetus. IgA -
correct answerFound in membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal
tract, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum. Important in local immunity. IgD -
correct answerPresent in blood serum in small amounts and on B-cell
surfaces. Receptor for antigens and helps anchor cell membranes. IgG -
correct answerSecond response after IgM. Main defense against bacteria and
can cross the placenta to protect the fetus against infections, giving it
passive immunity. Eventually replaces IgM. ICF - correct answerIntraCellular
Fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and proteins.
Hyperkalemia - correct answerexcessive potassium in the blood;
manifestations include: Neuromuscular: Paresthesias Muscle cramps
Weakness/fatigue Hyperreflexia Flaccid paralysis (later) Anxiety
Cardiovascular: Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes and dysrhythmias
