Antibacterial activity of Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck extract against Bacillus subtilis
and Salmonella enterica
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject,
Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science Research
Abagat, Justine
Aboz, Rhonalyn L.
Abucejo, Danica
Abud, Frances Ann
Alonzo, Ivan Matthew
Alotaya, Charelle
Amagsila, Khrisewell
Ancaja, Jameir
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND....................................1
1.1 Background of the Study..........................................................................1
1.2 Significance of the Study..........................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the Problem..........................................................................2
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..........................................3
2.1 Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck............................................................3
2.2 Bacillus subtilis ........................................................................................3
2.3 Salmonella enterica ..................................................................................4
2.4 Phytochemical screening and qualitative ….............................................4
2.5 Antibiotic susceptibility testing ................................................................5
2.6 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................5
2.7 Definition of Terms …………...................................................................5
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................3
3.1 Materials....................................................................................................3
3.2 Procedure .................................................................................................3
3.3 Schematic Diagram ..................................................................................4
3.4 Ethical Considerations …..........................................................................4
3.5 Study Budget ............................................................................................5
3.6 GANTT Chart...........................................................................................5
3.7 Statistical Tools …………........................................................................5
3.8 Dummy Tables ………….........................................................................5
, CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background and Rationale of the study
Natural products such herbal plants are vital sources of the traditional knowledge system
in complementary and alternative medicine nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical
bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities (Fonmboh, et al., 2020). Utilization of plants in
the medical field correlates to the idea of accessible and inexpensive mode of health promotion.
Different endeavors regarding herbal medicine have been exemplified to prove the reliability and
sustainability in a well-defined medical manner in rural areas.
In line with the study of natural products, phytochemicals in medicinal plants have been
studied with an emphasis on the plant extract and its method because it is a vital stage in the
analysis of bioactive compounds (Fonmboh, et al., 2020). Phytochemicals are chemical
compounds naturally occurring in plants that can induce positive or negative health effects
(Shaikh and Patil, 2020). Antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of plants are
widely accredited to high presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavanols, flavones,
tannins, saponins, and steroids. (Dwivedi, et al., 2020).
Currently, many of known bacterial pathogens are becoming more resistant to existing
antibiotics because of this scientist advances their research towards traditional and
unconventional solutions, in this case studying biologically active compounds from plant extract
(Debalke, et al., 2018).
, In terms of methodology in the extraction and observation of antibacterial components of
a plant, Microbial inhibition zone is the method to clinically measure antibiotic resistance and
develop inhibitory activities. Studies have shown many strengths of using this method and a ray
of advantages. Besides being inexpensive, it has a drastic decrease of time consumption and is
substantial in observing water-soluble antimicrobials to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Different methods have been established to the advancement of antibacterial extraction
on plants, particularly, Microbial inhibition zone or Kirby-Bauer diffusion method wherein there
is an identification of a zone of inhibition or a zone without bacterial growth and the level of
antibiotic resistance exhibited by the bacteria (Sabee, et al., 2020). The activities are expressed as
resistant, if the zone of inhibition was less than 7 mm, intermediate (8-10 mm) and sensitive if
more than 11 mm. (Walter, et al., 2020; Assam et al., 2010).
However Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Method is incapable of producing quantitative test
results and is often paired with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) testing. The MIC for a
certain antibiotic is calculated using the observed size of the inhibition zone and known values.
A lower MIC value indicates that less amount of drug is needed to effectively suppress the
development of the organism, making the drug more effective as an bacterial agent.(Sabee, et al.,
2020).
The Cactaceae family has a wide range of medical characteristics. Separate studies
conducted on plants of the family, Opuntia cochenillifera, and Nopalea cochenillifera showed
evidence of antimicrobial activity from their extracts. The studies showed inhibitory activities
against various bacteria including Salmonella enterica, a known causative agent of food-borne
illness (Gomez-Florez, et. al., 2006), and Bacillus subtilis (Suryawanshi & Vidyasagar, 2016).
and Salmonella enterica
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject,
Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science Research
Abagat, Justine
Aboz, Rhonalyn L.
Abucejo, Danica
Abud, Frances Ann
Alonzo, Ivan Matthew
Alotaya, Charelle
Amagsila, Khrisewell
Ancaja, Jameir
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND....................................1
1.1 Background of the Study..........................................................................1
1.2 Significance of the Study..........................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the Problem..........................................................................2
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..........................................3
2.1 Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck............................................................3
2.2 Bacillus subtilis ........................................................................................3
2.3 Salmonella enterica ..................................................................................4
2.4 Phytochemical screening and qualitative ….............................................4
2.5 Antibiotic susceptibility testing ................................................................5
2.6 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................5
2.7 Definition of Terms …………...................................................................5
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................3
3.1 Materials....................................................................................................3
3.2 Procedure .................................................................................................3
3.3 Schematic Diagram ..................................................................................4
3.4 Ethical Considerations …..........................................................................4
3.5 Study Budget ............................................................................................5
3.6 GANTT Chart...........................................................................................5
3.7 Statistical Tools …………........................................................................5
3.8 Dummy Tables ………….........................................................................5
, CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background and Rationale of the study
Natural products such herbal plants are vital sources of the traditional knowledge system
in complementary and alternative medicine nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical
bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities (Fonmboh, et al., 2020). Utilization of plants in
the medical field correlates to the idea of accessible and inexpensive mode of health promotion.
Different endeavors regarding herbal medicine have been exemplified to prove the reliability and
sustainability in a well-defined medical manner in rural areas.
In line with the study of natural products, phytochemicals in medicinal plants have been
studied with an emphasis on the plant extract and its method because it is a vital stage in the
analysis of bioactive compounds (Fonmboh, et al., 2020). Phytochemicals are chemical
compounds naturally occurring in plants that can induce positive or negative health effects
(Shaikh and Patil, 2020). Antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of plants are
widely accredited to high presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavanols, flavones,
tannins, saponins, and steroids. (Dwivedi, et al., 2020).
Currently, many of known bacterial pathogens are becoming more resistant to existing
antibiotics because of this scientist advances their research towards traditional and
unconventional solutions, in this case studying biologically active compounds from plant extract
(Debalke, et al., 2018).
, In terms of methodology in the extraction and observation of antibacterial components of
a plant, Microbial inhibition zone is the method to clinically measure antibiotic resistance and
develop inhibitory activities. Studies have shown many strengths of using this method and a ray
of advantages. Besides being inexpensive, it has a drastic decrease of time consumption and is
substantial in observing water-soluble antimicrobials to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Different methods have been established to the advancement of antibacterial extraction
on plants, particularly, Microbial inhibition zone or Kirby-Bauer diffusion method wherein there
is an identification of a zone of inhibition or a zone without bacterial growth and the level of
antibiotic resistance exhibited by the bacteria (Sabee, et al., 2020). The activities are expressed as
resistant, if the zone of inhibition was less than 7 mm, intermediate (8-10 mm) and sensitive if
more than 11 mm. (Walter, et al., 2020; Assam et al., 2010).
However Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Method is incapable of producing quantitative test
results and is often paired with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) testing. The MIC for a
certain antibiotic is calculated using the observed size of the inhibition zone and known values.
A lower MIC value indicates that less amount of drug is needed to effectively suppress the
development of the organism, making the drug more effective as an bacterial agent.(Sabee, et al.,
2020).
The Cactaceae family has a wide range of medical characteristics. Separate studies
conducted on plants of the family, Opuntia cochenillifera, and Nopalea cochenillifera showed
evidence of antimicrobial activity from their extracts. The studies showed inhibitory activities
against various bacteria including Salmonella enterica, a known causative agent of food-borne
illness (Gomez-Florez, et. al., 2006), and Bacillus subtilis (Suryawanshi & Vidyasagar, 2016).
