MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final
EXAM 2023 (A+ Graded 100% verified)
1. Nephrotic syndrome -ANS- characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage.
corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
2. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal -ANS- Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the
glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are
termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
3. Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental -ANS- When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected,
the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of
the glomerulus is affected.
4. Glomerulonephritis -ANS- An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a
result of activation of immune mechanisms.
5. Nephritic syndrome -ANS- Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins
which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
6. Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g.,
mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific
lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells.
These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
7. sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to glomerular scar formation, and when
the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
, 8. necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to cellular death.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
10. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy -ANS- A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the
prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
11. Bladder cancer -ANS- cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
12. Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis -ANS- History
13. physical examination
14. urinalysis
15. renal ultrasound
16. CT
17. intravenous pyelogram
18. MRI.
19. Hydronephrosis -ANS- An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both
kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
20. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) -ANS- inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts
develop in the kidneys
21. Renal cell carcinoma -ANS- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most
frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
22. Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms -ANS- Hematuria
23. An abdominal renal mass that is firm
24. Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
25. Unexplained weight loss
26. Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
EXAM 2023 (A+ Graded 100% verified)
1. Nephrotic syndrome -ANS- characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage.
corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
2. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal -ANS- Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the
glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are
termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
3. Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental -ANS- When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected,
the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of
the glomerulus is affected.
4. Glomerulonephritis -ANS- An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a
result of activation of immune mechanisms.
5. Nephritic syndrome -ANS- Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins
which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the
damage
6. Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g.,
mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific
lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells.
These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
7. sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to glomerular scar formation, and when
the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
, 8. necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor -ANS- refers to cellular death.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
10. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy -ANS- A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the
prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
11. Bladder cancer -ANS- cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
12. Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis -ANS- History
13. physical examination
14. urinalysis
15. renal ultrasound
16. CT
17. intravenous pyelogram
18. MRI.
19. Hydronephrosis -ANS- An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both
kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
20. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) -ANS- inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts
develop in the kidneys
21. Renal cell carcinoma -ANS- cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most
frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
22. Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms -ANS- Hematuria
23. An abdominal renal mass that is firm
24. Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
25. Unexplained weight loss
26. Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
