HU 706 Advanced patho midterm study
guide terms to undertand
cellular catabolism -ANS- consists of breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy
ATP -ANS- (adenosine triphosphate) produced aerobically and anaerobically by cellular catabolism.
ENERGY
cell hypertrophy -ANS- increase in cell size
cell atrophy -ANS- decrease in cell size
cell hyperplasia -ANS- increase in number of cells
Cell metaplasia -ANS- replacement of adult cells with another cell type (i.e., Barrett's esophagus)
cell dysplasia -ANS- deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
Why is there adaptive cellular mechanism? -ANS- cells adapt to changes in the internal environment to
deal with increased work
What is nuclear division in cell reproduction called? -ANS- Mitosis
Four types of tissue -ANS- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
molecular transport that requires energy -ANS- active transport
function of endoplasmic reticulum -ANS- site of protein synthesis
,function of lipid bilayer cell membrane -ANS- the basic fluid structure of the membrane and serves as a
semipermeable membrane
What is an electrolyte? -ANS- minerals with electrical charges found in the blood, urine, and other body
fluids
who is at risk for hypernatremia? -ANS- Infants; elderly w/ neurocognitive/physical impairment;
diarrhea; vomiting; DMII; diabetes insipidus
What can edema result in? -ANS- accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
Which electrolyte is in highest concentration in the ICF? -ANS- Potassium (K+)
What determines osmotic pressure? -ANS- solute concentration (higher the solute concentration, the
higher the osmotic pressure --> more water drawn into cell)
How does water move through the lipid bilayer cell membrane? -ANS- -Simple diffusion through the lipid
bilayer
-transit through water-selective channels i.e., facilitated diffusion
What is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to maintain pH of 7.4? -ANS- 20:1
What determines water movement between the ECF and ICF? -ANS- -osmolality
-osmotic forces
-aquaporins
-starling hypothesis (net filtration = forces favoring filtration - forces opposing filtration)
What is the most responsible for osmotic pressure? -ANS- Solute concentration (esp. sodium, potassium,
and chloride)
, What is the major buffering system in the ECF? -ANS- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate pair
CO2 + H20 <> H2CO3 <> H + HCO3
Who is most likely to have dehydration? -ANS- Pediatric patients (esp newborns) and the elderly
Why are the elderly at risk for dehydration? -ANS- -Decreased percent of total body water
-increase in adipose tissue, decrease in muscle mass
-renal decline
-diminished thirst perception
Osmosis -ANS- movement of water or any other solvent across the cellular membrane from low solute
concentration/high water to an area of high solute concentration/low water
diffusion -ANS- Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration to reach equilibrium
active transport -ANS- movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of
higher concentration (against concentration gradient)
-requires a carrier molecule and energy (ATP)
facilitated diffusion -ANS- the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration, but as opposed to simple diffusion, occurs with assistance of carrier molecule
Is the ICF isotonic? The ECF? -ANS- Isotonic: ECF solute conc = ICF solute conc
Hypertonic: ECF solute conc > ICF solute conc
Hypotonic: ECF solute conc < ICF solute conc
X-linked recessive disorders: who exhibits the disease -ANS- More males affected, with more severe
presentation
guide terms to undertand
cellular catabolism -ANS- consists of breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy
ATP -ANS- (adenosine triphosphate) produced aerobically and anaerobically by cellular catabolism.
ENERGY
cell hypertrophy -ANS- increase in cell size
cell atrophy -ANS- decrease in cell size
cell hyperplasia -ANS- increase in number of cells
Cell metaplasia -ANS- replacement of adult cells with another cell type (i.e., Barrett's esophagus)
cell dysplasia -ANS- deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
Why is there adaptive cellular mechanism? -ANS- cells adapt to changes in the internal environment to
deal with increased work
What is nuclear division in cell reproduction called? -ANS- Mitosis
Four types of tissue -ANS- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
molecular transport that requires energy -ANS- active transport
function of endoplasmic reticulum -ANS- site of protein synthesis
,function of lipid bilayer cell membrane -ANS- the basic fluid structure of the membrane and serves as a
semipermeable membrane
What is an electrolyte? -ANS- minerals with electrical charges found in the blood, urine, and other body
fluids
who is at risk for hypernatremia? -ANS- Infants; elderly w/ neurocognitive/physical impairment;
diarrhea; vomiting; DMII; diabetes insipidus
What can edema result in? -ANS- accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
Which electrolyte is in highest concentration in the ICF? -ANS- Potassium (K+)
What determines osmotic pressure? -ANS- solute concentration (higher the solute concentration, the
higher the osmotic pressure --> more water drawn into cell)
How does water move through the lipid bilayer cell membrane? -ANS- -Simple diffusion through the lipid
bilayer
-transit through water-selective channels i.e., facilitated diffusion
What is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to maintain pH of 7.4? -ANS- 20:1
What determines water movement between the ECF and ICF? -ANS- -osmolality
-osmotic forces
-aquaporins
-starling hypothesis (net filtration = forces favoring filtration - forces opposing filtration)
What is the most responsible for osmotic pressure? -ANS- Solute concentration (esp. sodium, potassium,
and chloride)
, What is the major buffering system in the ECF? -ANS- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate pair
CO2 + H20 <> H2CO3 <> H + HCO3
Who is most likely to have dehydration? -ANS- Pediatric patients (esp newborns) and the elderly
Why are the elderly at risk for dehydration? -ANS- -Decreased percent of total body water
-increase in adipose tissue, decrease in muscle mass
-renal decline
-diminished thirst perception
Osmosis -ANS- movement of water or any other solvent across the cellular membrane from low solute
concentration/high water to an area of high solute concentration/low water
diffusion -ANS- Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration to reach equilibrium
active transport -ANS- movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of
higher concentration (against concentration gradient)
-requires a carrier molecule and energy (ATP)
facilitated diffusion -ANS- the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration, but as opposed to simple diffusion, occurs with assistance of carrier molecule
Is the ICF isotonic? The ECF? -ANS- Isotonic: ECF solute conc = ICF solute conc
Hypertonic: ECF solute conc > ICF solute conc
Hypotonic: ECF solute conc < ICF solute conc
X-linked recessive disorders: who exhibits the disease -ANS- More males affected, with more severe
presentation
