BOC study guide 2022 with complete solution
Give some examples of situations in which urine could have the following
abnormal colorations
a) red
b) dark yellow/amber
a) red: most commonly caused by blood; additional causes may be red blood cells,
hemoglobin, myoglobin caused by muscle trauma
b) dark yellow/amber: dehydration, infection, fever, or liver problems like hepatitis
List the possible urine component associated with each of the following
a) reagent strips that use sodium nitroprusside or nitroferricyanide
b) reagent strips that use the diazonium salt reaction
c) reagent strips that use tetrabromophenol blue
d) reagent strips that use indoxylcarbonic acid ester
a) used to test for the presence of ketones in a sample of urine
b) used to test for bilirubin in a sample of urine
c) used to test for the abnormal levels of proteins in a sample of urine
d) used to test for the presence of WBC in a sample of urine
Briefly discuss the normal results from a semen analysis
Viscosity: rated from zero (very low) to four (very viscous)
Volume: normal range is between 2 and 5 mL
Color: milky is normal
pH: normal range is between 7.2 and 7
Sperm count: normal range is between 20 and 160 million sperm per milliliter
Motility: (degree to which sperm move forward) normal range is between 50 and 60%,
or three or four on a scale of zero to four
Shape of sperm: normal shape is one head and one straight tail
Discuss the importance of specific gravity in urinalysis, and give the normal
specific gravity values in a urinalysis
Specific gravity: indicates the degree to which the kidneys can reabsorb water and
essential chemicals from the glomerular filtrate- most kidney disorders impair this
function immediately
Specific gravity tests also indicate whether hormone abnormalities or dehydration is
,present.
A normal specific gravity will range from 1.001 to 1.035.
If the specific gravity is greater than 1.010 it is called hypersthenuric urine
If the specific gravity is less than 1.010 it is called hyposthenuric urine.
If the urine is equal to 1.010 it is called isothenuric urine
Define the following types of urine casts, and describe how each would appear
under a microscope
a) WBC cast
b) RBC cast
c) hyaline cast
a) WBC- indicates infection or inflammation
b) RBC- indicate renal disease; acute glomerulonephritis
c) hyaline- most common, typically the result of renal disease, heart failure, or
glomerulonephritis: often seen after stress, excessive exercise, or dehydration
Briefly discuss the collection of seminal fluid (semen)
Male must be abstinent for three days.
Semen is collected in a sterile container and cannot be obtained in the presence of
condoms or spermicides.
Semen is collected and stored at room temperature.
Discuss urine pH and how urine is tested in the laboratory
pH will contain bromythol blue and methyl red.
5.0 is orange
*higher the pH, the darker the color (orange->yellow->green->blue)
*below 6.0 is first thing in the morning, on a high protein diet, or diabetes mellitus
* above 7.0 is renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection, or metabolic/respiratory
alkalosis
Briefly describe maple syrup urine disease
Natural deficiency of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylase, resulting in a diminished
metabolism of valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
*gets its name from the aroma
*most common in the Amish and Mennonite communities
*identified with a Guthrie bacterial inhibition test.
*if not treated it can lead too intellectual disability, hypoglycemia, convulsions, and even
death
Briefly describe the Addis count procedure
,Used to count the number of formed elements in a sample or urine.
*elements may be RBCs, casts, or WBCs.
*12 hour urine specimen is collected and part of it is placed into a centrifuge.
Any re-suspended sediment in the urine is placed into a Neubauer blood-counting
chamber and the elements are counted
Give some examples of situations in which urine would have the following
abnormal colorations
a) bright yellow or bright orange
b) green
c) black or gray
a) bright yellow/bright orange- increased bilirubin, or medications such as pyridiam or
azo (used to treat UTI)
b) green- caused by presence of biliverdin, which is introduced by the breakdown of
hemoglobin
c) black or gray- presence of melanin or homogentisic acid resulting from a metabolic
disorder
Define myoglobinuria
condition in which urine contains myoglobin; often the result of muscle trauma, coma, or
muscle destruction
Define hematuria
condition in which urine contains intact red blood cells; often caused by renal tumors,
menstruation, or pregnancy
Define hemoglobinuria
condition in which urine contains hemoglobin; often caused by infections, transfusion
reactions, hemolytic anemia, or burns
Define ketonuria
condition in which urine contains ketones; often the result of diabetes mellitus,
dehydration or chronic imbalance electrolytes
Define bilirubinuria
condition in which urine contains bilirubin; often caused by liver disease, hepatitis, or
cirrhosis of the liver
Briefly discuss the collection of cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
*between the third and fourth or fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae
*Three tubes of fluid are removed (micro, hematological, chemical and serological)
CHEM (then move M before the H; this is the order of the tubes corresponding to where
they go)
Discuss the use of reagent strips for the examination and testing of urine, and list
some possible sources of error in using reagent strips
, Chemicals that can be assessed:
bilirubin, glucose, nitrite, blood, protein, WBCs, ketones, and urobilinogen, specific
gravity, and pH or urine.
*highly accurate IF basic restrictions regarding room temperature and procedure are
followed
Describe how cystine crystals appear under a microscope
colorless, hexagonal plates
Describe how tyrosine crystals appear under a microscope
yellow or colorless thin needles
Describe how cholesterol crystals appear under a microscope
clear, flat rectangular crystals with notched edges
Describe how uric acid crystals appear under a microscope
carious, colorless or yellow, shaped as cubes, diamonds, plates, or needles
Describe how bilirubin crystals appear under a microscope
yellow to brown plates, granules, or needles
Describe how calcium oxalate crystals appear under a microscope
various, dumbbell, octahedral, or envelope shapes
Describe how leucine crystals appear under a microscope
yellow to brown spheres, often with striations
Briefly explain the possible reason for watery fecal matter
indicates diarrhea
Briefly explain the possible reason for ribbon-like fecal matter
indicates bowel obstruction
Briefly explain the possible reason for black fecal matter
indicates bleeding in the GI tract
Briefly explain the possible reason for frothy, bulky, yellow colored fecal matter
indicted malabsorption syndrome, in which stool contains too much fat
Briefly explain the possible reason for stool containing mucus
indicated colitis or inflammation o the intestinal wall
Briefly describe Benedict's test
Used to determine whether reducing substances exist in a sample of urine.
*reducing substances include: lactose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, galactose, and glucose
which suggests diabetes.
*this test does NOT indicate which specific reducing substance is present.
*benedict's reagent is composed of copper sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium
citrate; mixed with urine and heated
* Red, yellow, or orange precipitate= reducing substance present
*False positives can be caused by individuals who are taking antibiotics
Define CSF and describe the appearance of normal CSF to the naked eye.
Describe some possible abnormalities when viewing CSF
CSF removes waste products, supplies nutrients to the the nervous system and
supports the brain and spinal column.
Give some examples of situations in which urine could have the following
abnormal colorations
a) red
b) dark yellow/amber
a) red: most commonly caused by blood; additional causes may be red blood cells,
hemoglobin, myoglobin caused by muscle trauma
b) dark yellow/amber: dehydration, infection, fever, or liver problems like hepatitis
List the possible urine component associated with each of the following
a) reagent strips that use sodium nitroprusside or nitroferricyanide
b) reagent strips that use the diazonium salt reaction
c) reagent strips that use tetrabromophenol blue
d) reagent strips that use indoxylcarbonic acid ester
a) used to test for the presence of ketones in a sample of urine
b) used to test for bilirubin in a sample of urine
c) used to test for the abnormal levels of proteins in a sample of urine
d) used to test for the presence of WBC in a sample of urine
Briefly discuss the normal results from a semen analysis
Viscosity: rated from zero (very low) to four (very viscous)
Volume: normal range is between 2 and 5 mL
Color: milky is normal
pH: normal range is between 7.2 and 7
Sperm count: normal range is between 20 and 160 million sperm per milliliter
Motility: (degree to which sperm move forward) normal range is between 50 and 60%,
or three or four on a scale of zero to four
Shape of sperm: normal shape is one head and one straight tail
Discuss the importance of specific gravity in urinalysis, and give the normal
specific gravity values in a urinalysis
Specific gravity: indicates the degree to which the kidneys can reabsorb water and
essential chemicals from the glomerular filtrate- most kidney disorders impair this
function immediately
Specific gravity tests also indicate whether hormone abnormalities or dehydration is
,present.
A normal specific gravity will range from 1.001 to 1.035.
If the specific gravity is greater than 1.010 it is called hypersthenuric urine
If the specific gravity is less than 1.010 it is called hyposthenuric urine.
If the urine is equal to 1.010 it is called isothenuric urine
Define the following types of urine casts, and describe how each would appear
under a microscope
a) WBC cast
b) RBC cast
c) hyaline cast
a) WBC- indicates infection or inflammation
b) RBC- indicate renal disease; acute glomerulonephritis
c) hyaline- most common, typically the result of renal disease, heart failure, or
glomerulonephritis: often seen after stress, excessive exercise, or dehydration
Briefly discuss the collection of seminal fluid (semen)
Male must be abstinent for three days.
Semen is collected in a sterile container and cannot be obtained in the presence of
condoms or spermicides.
Semen is collected and stored at room temperature.
Discuss urine pH and how urine is tested in the laboratory
pH will contain bromythol blue and methyl red.
5.0 is orange
*higher the pH, the darker the color (orange->yellow->green->blue)
*below 6.0 is first thing in the morning, on a high protein diet, or diabetes mellitus
* above 7.0 is renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection, or metabolic/respiratory
alkalosis
Briefly describe maple syrup urine disease
Natural deficiency of branched-chain keto acid decarboxylase, resulting in a diminished
metabolism of valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
*gets its name from the aroma
*most common in the Amish and Mennonite communities
*identified with a Guthrie bacterial inhibition test.
*if not treated it can lead too intellectual disability, hypoglycemia, convulsions, and even
death
Briefly describe the Addis count procedure
,Used to count the number of formed elements in a sample or urine.
*elements may be RBCs, casts, or WBCs.
*12 hour urine specimen is collected and part of it is placed into a centrifuge.
Any re-suspended sediment in the urine is placed into a Neubauer blood-counting
chamber and the elements are counted
Give some examples of situations in which urine would have the following
abnormal colorations
a) bright yellow or bright orange
b) green
c) black or gray
a) bright yellow/bright orange- increased bilirubin, or medications such as pyridiam or
azo (used to treat UTI)
b) green- caused by presence of biliverdin, which is introduced by the breakdown of
hemoglobin
c) black or gray- presence of melanin or homogentisic acid resulting from a metabolic
disorder
Define myoglobinuria
condition in which urine contains myoglobin; often the result of muscle trauma, coma, or
muscle destruction
Define hematuria
condition in which urine contains intact red blood cells; often caused by renal tumors,
menstruation, or pregnancy
Define hemoglobinuria
condition in which urine contains hemoglobin; often caused by infections, transfusion
reactions, hemolytic anemia, or burns
Define ketonuria
condition in which urine contains ketones; often the result of diabetes mellitus,
dehydration or chronic imbalance electrolytes
Define bilirubinuria
condition in which urine contains bilirubin; often caused by liver disease, hepatitis, or
cirrhosis of the liver
Briefly discuss the collection of cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
*between the third and fourth or fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae
*Three tubes of fluid are removed (micro, hematological, chemical and serological)
CHEM (then move M before the H; this is the order of the tubes corresponding to where
they go)
Discuss the use of reagent strips for the examination and testing of urine, and list
some possible sources of error in using reagent strips
, Chemicals that can be assessed:
bilirubin, glucose, nitrite, blood, protein, WBCs, ketones, and urobilinogen, specific
gravity, and pH or urine.
*highly accurate IF basic restrictions regarding room temperature and procedure are
followed
Describe how cystine crystals appear under a microscope
colorless, hexagonal plates
Describe how tyrosine crystals appear under a microscope
yellow or colorless thin needles
Describe how cholesterol crystals appear under a microscope
clear, flat rectangular crystals with notched edges
Describe how uric acid crystals appear under a microscope
carious, colorless or yellow, shaped as cubes, diamonds, plates, or needles
Describe how bilirubin crystals appear under a microscope
yellow to brown plates, granules, or needles
Describe how calcium oxalate crystals appear under a microscope
various, dumbbell, octahedral, or envelope shapes
Describe how leucine crystals appear under a microscope
yellow to brown spheres, often with striations
Briefly explain the possible reason for watery fecal matter
indicates diarrhea
Briefly explain the possible reason for ribbon-like fecal matter
indicates bowel obstruction
Briefly explain the possible reason for black fecal matter
indicates bleeding in the GI tract
Briefly explain the possible reason for frothy, bulky, yellow colored fecal matter
indicted malabsorption syndrome, in which stool contains too much fat
Briefly explain the possible reason for stool containing mucus
indicated colitis or inflammation o the intestinal wall
Briefly describe Benedict's test
Used to determine whether reducing substances exist in a sample of urine.
*reducing substances include: lactose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, galactose, and glucose
which suggests diabetes.
*this test does NOT indicate which specific reducing substance is present.
*benedict's reagent is composed of copper sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium
citrate; mixed with urine and heated
* Red, yellow, or orange precipitate= reducing substance present
*False positives can be caused by individuals who are taking antibiotics
Define CSF and describe the appearance of normal CSF to the naked eye.
Describe some possible abnormalities when viewing CSF
CSF removes waste products, supplies nutrients to the the nervous system and
supports the brain and spinal column.
