CBMT Exam Music Therapy Boards QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Psychodynamic Approach - correct answers -Human behavior is based on unconscious psychological processes (impulses, desires, motives) -Early childhood events Eclectic Approach - correct answers -Draw freely from all approaches without accepting the frameworks behind them -Goal: more efficient treatment Behavioral Approach - correct answers -Meant to change behavior -Classical/operant conditioning -ABA: applied behavioral analysis (autism) -Positive/negative reinforcement -Punishment and Reward Episodic Memory - correct answers long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place that can be stated Semantic Memory - correct answers Common knowledge, not from personal experience Working Memory - correct answers Short/temporary while performing task/learning Procedural Memory - correct answers Long-term memory of how to perform different tasks without consciously thinking about previous experience Explicit Memory - correct answers Intentional recollection of long-term memory Implicit Memory - correct answers Long-term unconscious memory Reframing - correct answers Identifying thoughts and changing the way they're viewed Experimental Group Design - correct answers Employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a controlled manner Locus of Control - correct answers the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives Internal Locus - correct answers -Control your own fate -Effort has direct impact on success External Locus - correct answers -No control of own fate -Luck or fate -No connection between effort and success Assimilation - correct answers -Jean Piaget -Incorporating new ideas into existing ideas Accommodation - correct answers -Jean Piaget -Concepts/schema are modified or new ones created to accommodate new knowledge -Relates to how young children integrate new info with things they already know to gain a better understanding of concepts and other knowledge Stereotypic Behavior - correct answers -Variety of behaviors typical in individuals who have autism, blindness, etc. -Ex: flapping hands, swaying side to side, etc. Early Intervening - correct answers -Included in 2004 reauthorization of IDEA -Allows/encourages schools to provide intervention to struggling services, even before they've been identified as special education Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - correct answers -Form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques (in small steps) to mold a desired behavior or response -Prompting and reinforcements gradually decrease -Used commonly with autism, but is used with other disorders too Manifestation Determination - correct answers -Student's inappropriate behavior is not a result, or manifestation, of his or her disability -Usually determined in a hearing and is required when a student's behavior violates school rules and before the school can undertake disciplinary action that might result in a student's suspension from school. Secondary Gains - correct answers Unexpected/unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy Flat Affect - correct answers No facial expression of emotion Sensory Impairments - correct answers -Affects sensual contact with environment -Stops normal works of muscular receptions -Seeing, touching, moving, tasting Physical Therapy/Physiotherapy - correct answers -Rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment/challenge -Massage, hydrotherapy, heat, and exercise. Physical Challenges/Impairment - correct answers Conditions that affect the ability of the body to perform normal functions Developmental Disability - correct answers -Originates prior to 18 years -Indefinitely continuing handicap -Ex: autism, intellectual, CP, epilepsy, severe learning disabilities Forensic Psychiatry - correct answers -Devoted to legal problems and infractions of law -Primarily criminal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - correct answers Civil rights law for people with disabilities to protect them from discrimination in a wide range of activities IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) - correct answers 1991 - Any student with a disability has the right to treatment and free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment Case Study - correct answers -Examinations of patients undergoing treatment, reporting progress of single case/group overtime FAPE Law - correct answers -Component of IDEA - Free and appropriate public education -special education/related services designed to meet the individual needs of each student at no cost IEP - correct answers -IDEA requires an IEP be developed by a team for each student receiving special education services IFSP - Individual Family Service Plan - correct answers -Like IEP but broader - for children under 3 and their families -Specifies services and resources to be provided to the entire family Inclusion - correct answers -Education of students with disabilities with same-age peers without disabilities -Taught in general education classroom with medications and services provided in that setting Related Services - correct answers -Transportation and development, corrective and other support services that are required by a child with special needs in order for them to benefit from education. -Ex: speech, PT, OT, MT, interpreters for those with hearing impairments, medical services for diagnostic and evaluation purposes and assistive technology devices and services. Base Line Treatment Design - correct answers -Compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind Goal - correct answers Expected therapeutic outcome; purpose/direction of therapy Objective - correct answers Expected therapeutic outcome of therapy - define goal in clearly observable/measurable behaviors - SMART Objectives Ecological Assessment - correct answers -Assessment of the child's environment -True and complete picture of the child's ability and needs Target Behavior - correct answers Behavior(s) for the focus of therapy, identified in the goals and objectives Termination - correct answers Final stage of therapy - evaluation of progress, plan for phase out/end, recommendations for future, and follow up plan Individual Transition Coach - correct answers -IDEA requires that, no later than 16, each IEP should contain statement of needed transition services -Must contain statement of linkages and responsibilities for each appropriate agency for providing the services -Intent is to have plan in place to facilitate a successful transition from school to community Positive Behavioral Support - correct answers -Use methods and techniques that support desirable/appropriate behavior rather than punishing undesirable behavior -Determine what reinforcers promote the appropriate behavior and then using reinforcers to engage student in the behavior Generalization - correct answers When a skill learned in one setting is transferred to other settings outside of therapy Zone of Proximal Development - correct answers Vygotsky - the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction Behavior Modification - correct answers -Focuses on control of environmental events, particularly consequences -Reinforcement, punishment, modeling, guided practice, self-management, anything to strengthen/weaken identified behavior -Assumption that behavior is predictable, observable, and measurable Dalcroze Eurhythmics - correct answers -"Feel" the music -Visual impairments -Holistic -Movement to teach musical concepts of rhythm, structure, and musical expression Scaffolding - correct answers Adjusting the support offered (gradually reduced) during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance (usually in initial learning), in hopes of functioning at a higher level Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - correct answers (bottom) Physiological - food, water, shelter Safety - personal safety, employment, health Love/belonging - friendship, intimacy, etc. Esteem - respect, self-esteem, freedom Self-actualization - be the most you can be Piaget 4 Stages of Cognitive Development - correct answers Sensorimotor (birth-18/24 months) - goal: object permanence Pre-operational (2-7 years) - goal: symbolic thought Concrete operational (7-11 years) - goal: operational thought Formal operational (adolescent-adult) - goal: abstract concepts Guided Imagery and Music - correct answers Listening to music in a relaxed state, to elicit imagery, symbols and/or feelings for the purpose of creativity, therapeutic intervention, self-understanding, and spiritual experience Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) - correct answers -Biomedical, researchers, extensive training/certification -Music's influence on brain function -Standardized treatment/protocol -How musical responses can affect nonmusical responses Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy - correct answers Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins, 1959 (psychotherapeutic) - requires extensive training - can achieve self-actualization through improvisation and active music making (pitched and percussive instruments) Bonny Method to Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) - correct answers Helen Bonny - listening to carefully selected and sequenced classical music while relaxed, experiencing internal imagery while MT provides verbal guiding interventions in order to expand self-awareness, enhance creativity, develop spirituality, and achieve a healthier state of being Orff-Schulwerk Approach - correct answers Combines music, movement, drama, speech into lessons that are similar to child's world of play. Four Different Stages within the Orff-Approach 1. Imitation - someone perform for the class and the class in turn repeats what was played for them. 2. Exploration - Allows students to seek out not only the different musical aspects that the Orff instruments offer but they also explore aural/oral skills and the different motions and expressions that the body is capable of 3. Literacy - Taught by learning musical notation and becoming familiar with the various forms of music like rondo, and ABA 4. Improvisation - The act of creating something, especially music, without prior preparation. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) - correct answers -Mental processes determine behavior -Try to alter maladaptive behavior -Replace irrational thinking with healthy