BIOD 121 Portage Learning M6 Exam
ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION 2022
Healthy pregnancy Correct Answer: adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
Healthy body weight controlling existing health conditions avoidance of teratogens
Teratogens Correct Answer: compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect
Caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.
Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight infants
alcohol: FAS, physical and mental disabilities and growth retardation
drugs: low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth defects, and infant addiction.
Blastogenic stage Correct Answer: (Day 1 to 14): A period of rapid cell division Day 14: An
embryo is formed.
Embryonic stage Correct Answer: (Week 2 to 8): The organ system develops. Week 5: The
heart begins to beat. Week 8: The embryo is now known as a fetus.
Fetal Stage Correct Answer: (Week 9 to 40): Period of continual growth and development
Zygote Correct Answer: formed from combination of egg and sperm
Placenta Correct Answer: provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus
and also allows for the transfer of waste from the fetus and into the mother's system for
excretion
First trimester Correct Answer: exposure to toxins and inadequate nutrient intake can have an
adverse effect on the fetus quality of the mother's diet is more important than the quantity
Second trimester Correct Answer: development of the hands, feet, arms, and legs occurs, and
the fetus begins to resemble a baby physiological change to mom's body in order to support the
pregnancy and prepare for birth.
Third trimester Correct Answer: fetus will double in length and will increase weight to
approximately 7 to 9 pounds.
Low birth weight (LBW) Correct Answer: a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds
Small for gestational age (SGA) Correct Answer: an infant small in size, measured relative to its
gestational stage
, Calorie during pregnancy Correct Answer: quality more important than quantity
Need for certain nutrients increase by 50% during pregnancy.
Calorie needs during the second and third trimester only increases by approximately 20%.
Adequate weight gain Correct Answer: 25-35 pounds total 1-4 pounds during the first
trimester and then approximately 1 pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy.
Underweight: 28 to 40 pounds
Normal: 25 to 35 pounds
Overweight: 15 to 25 pounds
Obese: 11 to 20 pounds
Increased protein/carbohydrate needs Correct Answer: Pregnant moms require an additional
25 grams protein per day above RDA
Inadequate carbs --> ketones, harmful to fetal brain
Vitamin needs Correct Answer: Folate is needed for cell development and the synthesis of
DNA. Without adequate folate, the pregnant mom may develop anemia and fetus may have
neural tube defects
Increased mineral needs Correct Answer: especially true of iodide, zinc, iron, and calcium.
Iron: required due to increased blood volume as well as to provide iron stores to the fetus.
Anemia --> preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and increased risk for fetal death.
Calcium: needed in the formation of the baby's teeth, bones, muscles, and heart. The fetus will
rob the mom of her stores if intake is inadequate.
Gestational diabetes Correct Answer: Hormones synthesized by the placenta may interfere
with insulin production and blood glucose control.
Women over the age of 35, those with a family history of diabetes, and women who are
overweight are at risk can lead to a large baby, necessitating a C-section and increased risk of
trauma at birth.
preeclampsia Correct Answer: Edema, or swelling of the tissues, occurs as well as increased
blood pressure, protein in the urine, and changes in blood clotting. Left untreated, kidney
failure, convulsions, and death may result.
Good dietary intake with additional calcium and potassium as well as limited sodium appears to
help prevent this disorder.
Pica Correct Answer: an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items Caused by nutrient
deficiency
Factors influencing breastfeeding Correct Answer: Education
Social concerns, Working outside the home Physical inability to nurse
Lobules Correct Answer: sac-like structures in the breast for milk storage
ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION 2022
Healthy pregnancy Correct Answer: adequate intake of vitamins and minerals
Healthy body weight controlling existing health conditions avoidance of teratogens
Teratogens Correct Answer: compounds that can increase the risk of a birth defect
Caffeine, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.
Tobacco: miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and low birth weight infants
alcohol: FAS, physical and mental disabilities and growth retardation
drugs: low birth weight, preterm delivery, miscarriage, birth defects, and infant addiction.
Blastogenic stage Correct Answer: (Day 1 to 14): A period of rapid cell division Day 14: An
embryo is formed.
Embryonic stage Correct Answer: (Week 2 to 8): The organ system develops. Week 5: The
heart begins to beat. Week 8: The embryo is now known as a fetus.
Fetal Stage Correct Answer: (Week 9 to 40): Period of continual growth and development
Zygote Correct Answer: formed from combination of egg and sperm
Placenta Correct Answer: provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus
and also allows for the transfer of waste from the fetus and into the mother's system for
excretion
First trimester Correct Answer: exposure to toxins and inadequate nutrient intake can have an
adverse effect on the fetus quality of the mother's diet is more important than the quantity
Second trimester Correct Answer: development of the hands, feet, arms, and legs occurs, and
the fetus begins to resemble a baby physiological change to mom's body in order to support the
pregnancy and prepare for birth.
Third trimester Correct Answer: fetus will double in length and will increase weight to
approximately 7 to 9 pounds.
Low birth weight (LBW) Correct Answer: a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds
Small for gestational age (SGA) Correct Answer: an infant small in size, measured relative to its
gestational stage
, Calorie during pregnancy Correct Answer: quality more important than quantity
Need for certain nutrients increase by 50% during pregnancy.
Calorie needs during the second and third trimester only increases by approximately 20%.
Adequate weight gain Correct Answer: 25-35 pounds total 1-4 pounds during the first
trimester and then approximately 1 pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy.
Underweight: 28 to 40 pounds
Normal: 25 to 35 pounds
Overweight: 15 to 25 pounds
Obese: 11 to 20 pounds
Increased protein/carbohydrate needs Correct Answer: Pregnant moms require an additional
25 grams protein per day above RDA
Inadequate carbs --> ketones, harmful to fetal brain
Vitamin needs Correct Answer: Folate is needed for cell development and the synthesis of
DNA. Without adequate folate, the pregnant mom may develop anemia and fetus may have
neural tube defects
Increased mineral needs Correct Answer: especially true of iodide, zinc, iron, and calcium.
Iron: required due to increased blood volume as well as to provide iron stores to the fetus.
Anemia --> preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and increased risk for fetal death.
Calcium: needed in the formation of the baby's teeth, bones, muscles, and heart. The fetus will
rob the mom of her stores if intake is inadequate.
Gestational diabetes Correct Answer: Hormones synthesized by the placenta may interfere
with insulin production and blood glucose control.
Women over the age of 35, those with a family history of diabetes, and women who are
overweight are at risk can lead to a large baby, necessitating a C-section and increased risk of
trauma at birth.
preeclampsia Correct Answer: Edema, or swelling of the tissues, occurs as well as increased
blood pressure, protein in the urine, and changes in blood clotting. Left untreated, kidney
failure, convulsions, and death may result.
Good dietary intake with additional calcium and potassium as well as limited sodium appears to
help prevent this disorder.
Pica Correct Answer: an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items Caused by nutrient
deficiency
Factors influencing breastfeeding Correct Answer: Education
Social concerns, Working outside the home Physical inability to nurse
Lobules Correct Answer: sac-like structures in the breast for milk storage
