cell cycle
orderly set of stages from the first division of eukaryotic cell to the first time the
resulting daughter cells divide
-
a
↳ cells grow larger
↳ num of organelles doubles
↳ DNA is replicated
Interphase
1nG,,c
-
recovering from previous division
-
DNA synthesis and replication
-
increases organelles -
protein associated with DNA are synthesized
-
grows in size G- chromosomes enter S phase with 1 Chromatid
1
-
-
accumulate materials for DNA synthesis -
then , leaves S phase with sister chromatids .
¥¥-
-
sister chromatids then remain attached until mitosis
cell are not
dividing cresting)
-
cells synthesize protein
Phase
mitosis cytokinesis
-
nuclear division -
division of cytoplasm ,
resulted
-
daughter chromosomes in 2
daughter nuclei
equally distributed by mitotic
spindle to 2 daughter nuclei
chromosome ,
É +rome
1 chromatid ,
←
divisioncell
× main checkpoint
-
sister chromatids -
DNA damaged , apoptosis occur
-
if not , cell committed to divide when growth signals
control of the cell cycle are present { nutrients available .
y
external signals :
grows factors are
signaling proteins received at the plasma membrane | grows
DNA
&
\
signal internal signals :
family of proteins → cyclins increase { decrease as cell cycle continues replication
s
↳ specific signal must present to proceed to another stage -
a-
,
growth
↳ without cyclins ,
cycle stop at G, ,
M
,
or Gz .
growth } final
preparation for
¥¥-
division
↳ damaged by solar radiation / x-rays → repaired at Gz checkpoint a-
a
-
Gzcheckpoint
-
mitosis will occur if DNA replicated
{
prophase
spindle assembly t properly
-
late prophase
t
checkpoint .
-
Apoptosis will occur is DNA is
metaphase
t
-
mitosis ✗ continue if anaphase damaged ,
✗ repair
I
chromosomes ✗ properly telophase
?⃝ aligned
, Apoptosis
death
-
programmed cell
-
caused by enzymes ( caspases )
-
involve sequence of cellular events → destruction of the cell :
↳ fragmenting of nucleus
↳
blistering of plasma membrane
↳ engulfing of cell fragments by white blood cells / Others -
-
occurs throughout lifetime to maintain homeostasis .
apoptosis decrease cell number
can serous cells
-
abnormal cells can be are that die through apoptosis
mitosis & cytokinesis
chromosomes
-
when eukaryotic cell ✗
undergo division → euchromatin
- Before mitosis chromatin → condense highly coil
, ,
chromosome → visible ( easier to count )
Haploid Diploid
-
(n ) = 23 -
2h = 46
each paternal / maternal n most somatic cells of animals
-
=
-
↳ h th =
2h
At interphase Before mitosis During mitosis
-
duplication -
chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes .
-
sister chromatids are separated to daughter cells .
-
at S phase , each duplicated consist two -
Each sp . has a characteristic chromosome hum .
-
each become a daughter chromosome
identical double -
helical BNA (sister chromatid )
attached at centromere
centrosome
-
organizes mitotic spindle
↳ contains many fibres
↳ composed of a cylindrical bundle of microtubules
replicated b4 mitosis there are 2 Centro Mes b4 mitosis
-
;
orderly set of stages from the first division of eukaryotic cell to the first time the
resulting daughter cells divide
-
a
↳ cells grow larger
↳ num of organelles doubles
↳ DNA is replicated
Interphase
1nG,,c
-
recovering from previous division
-
DNA synthesis and replication
-
increases organelles -
protein associated with DNA are synthesized
-
grows in size G- chromosomes enter S phase with 1 Chromatid
1
-
-
accumulate materials for DNA synthesis -
then , leaves S phase with sister chromatids .
¥¥-
-
sister chromatids then remain attached until mitosis
cell are not
dividing cresting)
-
cells synthesize protein
Phase
mitosis cytokinesis
-
nuclear division -
division of cytoplasm ,
resulted
-
daughter chromosomes in 2
daughter nuclei
equally distributed by mitotic
spindle to 2 daughter nuclei
chromosome ,
É +rome
1 chromatid ,
←
divisioncell
× main checkpoint
-
sister chromatids -
DNA damaged , apoptosis occur
-
if not , cell committed to divide when growth signals
control of the cell cycle are present { nutrients available .
y
external signals :
grows factors are
signaling proteins received at the plasma membrane | grows
DNA
&
\
signal internal signals :
family of proteins → cyclins increase { decrease as cell cycle continues replication
s
↳ specific signal must present to proceed to another stage -
a-
,
growth
↳ without cyclins ,
cycle stop at G, ,
M
,
or Gz .
growth } final
preparation for
¥¥-
division
↳ damaged by solar radiation / x-rays → repaired at Gz checkpoint a-
a
-
Gzcheckpoint
-
mitosis will occur if DNA replicated
{
prophase
spindle assembly t properly
-
late prophase
t
checkpoint .
-
Apoptosis will occur is DNA is
metaphase
t
-
mitosis ✗ continue if anaphase damaged ,
✗ repair
I
chromosomes ✗ properly telophase
?⃝ aligned
, Apoptosis
death
-
programmed cell
-
caused by enzymes ( caspases )
-
involve sequence of cellular events → destruction of the cell :
↳ fragmenting of nucleus
↳
blistering of plasma membrane
↳ engulfing of cell fragments by white blood cells / Others -
-
occurs throughout lifetime to maintain homeostasis .
apoptosis decrease cell number
can serous cells
-
abnormal cells can be are that die through apoptosis
mitosis & cytokinesis
chromosomes
-
when eukaryotic cell ✗
undergo division → euchromatin
- Before mitosis chromatin → condense highly coil
, ,
chromosome → visible ( easier to count )
Haploid Diploid
-
(n ) = 23 -
2h = 46
each paternal / maternal n most somatic cells of animals
-
=
-
↳ h th =
2h
At interphase Before mitosis During mitosis
-
duplication -
chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes .
-
sister chromatids are separated to daughter cells .
-
at S phase , each duplicated consist two -
Each sp . has a characteristic chromosome hum .
-
each become a daughter chromosome
identical double -
helical BNA (sister chromatid )
attached at centromere
centrosome
-
organizes mitotic spindle
↳ contains many fibres
↳ composed of a cylindrical bundle of microtubules
replicated b4 mitosis there are 2 Centro Mes b4 mitosis
-
;
