Advanced Pathophysiology NR 507 Final Exam
2023
Fat Soluble Hormones - ANSWER Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - ANSWER Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - ANSWER TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH,
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland.
Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is
major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary
Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - ANSWER Arises from 3rd ventricle of
brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular
process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of
nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
ANSWER Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - ANSWER contains axons of neurons that originate in the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - ANSWER ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide
Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - ANSWER Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) -
ANSWER HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH),
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
,TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - ANSWER Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - ANSWER Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - ANSWER Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - ANSWER Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - ANSWER ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin,
LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSWER SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - ANSWER Milk production
TSH - ANSWER Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ANSWER Ovulation, progesterone production (in
glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - ANSWER Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - ANSWER Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - ANSWER Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water
intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - ANSWER Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of
Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which
leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more
concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E,
and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - ANSWER
High levels of ADH - ANSWER Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
,vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - ANSWER osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased,
water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint
osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss
through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - ANSWER Decrease in plasma osmolality,
increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen,
progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - ANSWER Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - ANSWER Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking
and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to
myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells.
"let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - ANSWER Chromophobes,
and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of
the adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - ANSWER
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - ANSWER feedback from
hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from
target gland hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the
__________________, ______________________and ________________ - ANSWER
hypothalamus, Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and
somatostatin which inhibits GH.
, GH is released by the? - ANSWER GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile
fashion, and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - ANSWER Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional
status, stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - ANSWER partially by insulin-like
growth factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - ANSWER IGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most
biologically active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - ANSWER Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive
cells that secrete melatonin.
Melatonin - ANSWER In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and
inhibited by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first
converted to serotonin than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - ANSWER through a negative feedback
loop involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - ANSWER synthesized and stored within
the hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - ANSWER Cold or stress and
decreased levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - ANSWER Anterior
pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? -
ANSWER TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular
cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - ANSWER increase in release of
stored thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in
thyroid hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of
prostaglandins by the thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - ANSWER Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - ANSWER TRH and TSH which
decreased TH synthesis and secretion.
2023
Fat Soluble Hormones - ANSWER Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - ANSWER Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - ANSWER TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH,
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland.
Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is
major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary
Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - ANSWER Arises from 3rd ventricle of
brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular
process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of
nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
ANSWER Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - ANSWER contains axons of neurons that originate in the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - ANSWER ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide
Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - ANSWER Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) -
ANSWER HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH),
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
,TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - ANSWER Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - ANSWER Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - ANSWER Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - ANSWER Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - ANSWER ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin,
LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSWER SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - ANSWER Milk production
TSH - ANSWER Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ANSWER Ovulation, progesterone production (in
glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - ANSWER Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - ANSWER Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - ANSWER Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water
intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - ANSWER Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of
Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which
leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more
concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E,
and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - ANSWER
High levels of ADH - ANSWER Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
,vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - ANSWER osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased,
water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint
osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss
through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - ANSWER Decrease in plasma osmolality,
increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen,
progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - ANSWER Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - ANSWER Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking
and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to
myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells.
"let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - ANSWER Chromophobes,
and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of
the adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - ANSWER
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - ANSWER feedback from
hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from
target gland hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the
__________________, ______________________and ________________ - ANSWER
hypothalamus, Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and
somatostatin which inhibits GH.
, GH is released by the? - ANSWER GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile
fashion, and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - ANSWER Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional
status, stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - ANSWER partially by insulin-like
growth factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - ANSWER IGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most
biologically active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland - ANSWER Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive
cells that secrete melatonin.
Melatonin - ANSWER In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and
inhibited by light exposure. It is synthesized from tryptophan which is first
converted to serotonin than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by: - ANSWER through a negative feedback
loop involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - ANSWER synthesized and stored within
the hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what? - ANSWER Cold or stress and
decreased levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where? - ANSWER Anterior
pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what? -
ANSWER TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular
cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid? - ANSWER increase in release of
stored thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation, and increase in
thyroid hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of
prostaglandins by the thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect. - ANSWER Negative
Thyroid hormone inhibit what hormones? - ANSWER TRH and TSH which
decreased TH synthesis and secretion.
