Subject: GE6116 | Science, Technology, and Society
Week 1-2:
Facets of Science
Science – body or organized knowledge
1. Discovery science – discovery of new info or phenomenon
2. Academic science – passed on to the world of technology
3. Industrial science – solve practical problems
4. Science as social enterprise/institution – concerned about impact of science on both society and
culture. It relates to science as an interplay between the works of scientists and the active
involvement of the people in examining the products of scientific inquiry.
5. Science as a cultural resource – cultural belief and values
Dimensions of Science:
1. Cognitive/Philosophical Dimension – knowledge is spread; brings historical dimension to serve as
a bridge to future discoveries
2. Sociological/Communal Dimension – knowledge is addressed to a specific segment of society
3. Psychological Dimension – relevance to author or discoverer
Phenomenon – situation/event perceived by senses
Model – descriptive statement of how something works
Theory – explanation how something occurs
Cognitive – recognition and comprehension of things
Climate Change – what a high density of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere brings
Hybrid Technology – Producing acetate out of carbon dioxide and sunlight using nanowires and bacteria,
and subsequently producing valuable chemicals using out of acetate using engineered bacteria is an
example of what?
Hybrid Technology – It is an established illustrated idea by the blog post that discusses a breakthrough in
biotechnology in a published article where it is passed on to the world of technology for use in
industries.
n-butanol – valuable chemical that can be used as a biofuel.
Photosynthesis – What process did the researchers from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
adopted in order to convert carbon dioxide to biofuels?
Cognitive or Philosophical Dimension – It is the dimension of science where the published article
corresponds to.
,Emission – It is the conversion of greenhouse gas to value-added chemicals can diminish
The blog post describes how the researchers conducted a relatively original experiment.
S. Ovata – It functions as a workhorse to break down carbon dioxide to acetate.
Logical Generalizations – It is the scientific statements that scientists make based on the results of
experimentation.
Discovery Science – It is the principle describing the quest for unconventional knowledge through
systematic investigation and experimentation.
Biomedical Experimentation with Animals
1. Sociopolitical Foundation:
a. Antivivisectionists – animal right activitists (Peter Singer and Tom Regan)
b. Nurmberg Code - a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created
by the court in U.S. v Brandt. This validates the use of animal but the outcomes should
justify the experimentation
2. Legislation/Regulation
a. 1960 – animal researcher has to be licensed
b. 1963 – GUIDE was published
c. 1966 – Laboratory Animal Welfare Act enacted due to public clamor
d. 1985 – establish guidelines
e. 1986 – policy publication
f. 2010 – publication of 8th edition of GUIDE
GUIDE:
1. Have minimum 3 members in institution responsible for the welfare of animals (evaluate
condition, veterinary and non-affiliated personnel)
2. IACUC – should have minimum of 5 members.
Ethical Guidelines – William Russel and Rex Burch (1959). 3 principles:
1. Replacement – use of lower species (less susceptible to pain)
2. Reduction – reduction of animals to be used as much as possible
3. Refinement – minimized frequency/degree of pain/distress
Biomedical Experimentation with Humans
1. Sociopolitical Foundation
a. Declaration of Helsinki - the document was created to set a balance between the
interests of humanity and individual patients who are part of clinical trials. The basic
principles include respect for individuals, the right to make informed decisions,
recognition of vulnerable groups, and more.
2. International Regulation – 1964 by World Medical Association
3. American Initiative. 3 principles:
a. Respect for Persons (subjects should be capable to make their own decisions)
b. Beneficence – human subjects risks should be minimized and benefits maximized
, c. Justice – burden on human subjects be equally distributed
Anatomy – parts of animal or human body; plant structure
Physiology – study of functioning or operation of bodily parts
Biomedical – biomedicine (application of principles of biology/biochemistry to field of medicine.
Animal Models – It is where the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug under the development stage are
tested
Informed Consent – It is what IRB requires researchers to obtain from human subjects.
Gene Therapy – It's a study involving an 18-year-old male illustrates the need to disclose to the
participants all risks involved in a biomedical research study.
Office for Human Research Protection – It is the institute or office where all IRBs should be registered.
Food and Drug Administration – Part of the government in United States that gives approval to clinical
trials with successful outcomes.
Tuskegee Study – A research which demonstrates ethical misconduct and therefore shows the need for
ethical and legal guidelines in using humans for biomedical research.
In Vitro – Prior to preclinical trials, the drugs under investigation are tested in what condition.
Side Effects – Aside from metabolism the initial phase of clinical testing using human subjects also
determines what of the drug regimen?
Public Health Service – It is an organization that has a policy which requires that the number of IACUC
members be a minimum of five.
Institutional Review Board – It was the one who generally accepted the principles contained in the
Belmont Report.
NIH Office of Protection from Research – It published the Public Health Service (PHS) policy on the
Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
The World Medical Association formalized the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee - It is responsible for the evaluation of the living conditions
of experimental animals.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals – It is a well-known animal rights activist group.
Week 3-4:
Science and Technology
• Industry people with high qualifications in S&T
Week 1-2:
Facets of Science
Science – body or organized knowledge
1. Discovery science – discovery of new info or phenomenon
2. Academic science – passed on to the world of technology
3. Industrial science – solve practical problems
4. Science as social enterprise/institution – concerned about impact of science on both society and
culture. It relates to science as an interplay between the works of scientists and the active
involvement of the people in examining the products of scientific inquiry.
5. Science as a cultural resource – cultural belief and values
Dimensions of Science:
1. Cognitive/Philosophical Dimension – knowledge is spread; brings historical dimension to serve as
a bridge to future discoveries
2. Sociological/Communal Dimension – knowledge is addressed to a specific segment of society
3. Psychological Dimension – relevance to author or discoverer
Phenomenon – situation/event perceived by senses
Model – descriptive statement of how something works
Theory – explanation how something occurs
Cognitive – recognition and comprehension of things
Climate Change – what a high density of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere brings
Hybrid Technology – Producing acetate out of carbon dioxide and sunlight using nanowires and bacteria,
and subsequently producing valuable chemicals using out of acetate using engineered bacteria is an
example of what?
Hybrid Technology – It is an established illustrated idea by the blog post that discusses a breakthrough in
biotechnology in a published article where it is passed on to the world of technology for use in
industries.
n-butanol – valuable chemical that can be used as a biofuel.
Photosynthesis – What process did the researchers from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
adopted in order to convert carbon dioxide to biofuels?
Cognitive or Philosophical Dimension – It is the dimension of science where the published article
corresponds to.
,Emission – It is the conversion of greenhouse gas to value-added chemicals can diminish
The blog post describes how the researchers conducted a relatively original experiment.
S. Ovata – It functions as a workhorse to break down carbon dioxide to acetate.
Logical Generalizations – It is the scientific statements that scientists make based on the results of
experimentation.
Discovery Science – It is the principle describing the quest for unconventional knowledge through
systematic investigation and experimentation.
Biomedical Experimentation with Animals
1. Sociopolitical Foundation:
a. Antivivisectionists – animal right activitists (Peter Singer and Tom Regan)
b. Nurmberg Code - a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created
by the court in U.S. v Brandt. This validates the use of animal but the outcomes should
justify the experimentation
2. Legislation/Regulation
a. 1960 – animal researcher has to be licensed
b. 1963 – GUIDE was published
c. 1966 – Laboratory Animal Welfare Act enacted due to public clamor
d. 1985 – establish guidelines
e. 1986 – policy publication
f. 2010 – publication of 8th edition of GUIDE
GUIDE:
1. Have minimum 3 members in institution responsible for the welfare of animals (evaluate
condition, veterinary and non-affiliated personnel)
2. IACUC – should have minimum of 5 members.
Ethical Guidelines – William Russel and Rex Burch (1959). 3 principles:
1. Replacement – use of lower species (less susceptible to pain)
2. Reduction – reduction of animals to be used as much as possible
3. Refinement – minimized frequency/degree of pain/distress
Biomedical Experimentation with Humans
1. Sociopolitical Foundation
a. Declaration of Helsinki - the document was created to set a balance between the
interests of humanity and individual patients who are part of clinical trials. The basic
principles include respect for individuals, the right to make informed decisions,
recognition of vulnerable groups, and more.
2. International Regulation – 1964 by World Medical Association
3. American Initiative. 3 principles:
a. Respect for Persons (subjects should be capable to make their own decisions)
b. Beneficence – human subjects risks should be minimized and benefits maximized
, c. Justice – burden on human subjects be equally distributed
Anatomy – parts of animal or human body; plant structure
Physiology – study of functioning or operation of bodily parts
Biomedical – biomedicine (application of principles of biology/biochemistry to field of medicine.
Animal Models – It is where the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug under the development stage are
tested
Informed Consent – It is what IRB requires researchers to obtain from human subjects.
Gene Therapy – It's a study involving an 18-year-old male illustrates the need to disclose to the
participants all risks involved in a biomedical research study.
Office for Human Research Protection – It is the institute or office where all IRBs should be registered.
Food and Drug Administration – Part of the government in United States that gives approval to clinical
trials with successful outcomes.
Tuskegee Study – A research which demonstrates ethical misconduct and therefore shows the need for
ethical and legal guidelines in using humans for biomedical research.
In Vitro – Prior to preclinical trials, the drugs under investigation are tested in what condition.
Side Effects – Aside from metabolism the initial phase of clinical testing using human subjects also
determines what of the drug regimen?
Public Health Service – It is an organization that has a policy which requires that the number of IACUC
members be a minimum of five.
Institutional Review Board – It was the one who generally accepted the principles contained in the
Belmont Report.
NIH Office of Protection from Research – It published the Public Health Service (PHS) policy on the
Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
The World Medical Association formalized the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee - It is responsible for the evaluation of the living conditions
of experimental animals.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals – It is a well-known animal rights activist group.
Week 3-4:
Science and Technology
• Industry people with high qualifications in S&T
