Name the two types of cells -correct answerProkaryotic and Eukaryotic What
is a prokaryotic cell? -correct answerA cell without a nucleus Give an
example of a prokaryote (Prokaryotic cell) -correct answerBacteria What is a
eukaryotic cell? -correct answercell with a nucleus Give two examples of
eukaryotic cells -correct answerPlant & Animal cells What three sub-cellular
structures do plant cells have which animal cells do not? -correct
answerPermanent vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts What is the function of
the nucleus? -correct answerContains genetic materials that controls the
activities of the cell What is the function of the cytoplasm? -correct answerA
gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains
enzymes that control these reactions What is the function of the cell
membrane? -correct answerHolds the cell together and controls the passage
of substances What is the function of the mitochondria? -correct
answerThese are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take
place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work What is the
function of the ribosome? -correct answerThese are were proteins are made
in the cell through protein synthesis What is the function of the cell wall? -
correct answerTo strengthen and support the cell What is the function of the
vacuole? -correct answerContains cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and
salts), it keeps the cell turgid What is the function of the chloroplast? -correct
answerThis is where photosynthesis takes place, which makes food for the
plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the
light required for photosynthesis What do bacterial cells have instead of a
nucleus? -correct answerA single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in
the cytoplasm, and some may also contain one or more small rings of DNA
called plasmids. How many mm are in um? -correct answer1000 What do
light microscopes use to work? -correct answerLight and lenses to form an
image of a specimen. They let us see individual cells and large sub cellular
structures such as nuclei What is the formula triangle for magnification? -
correct answer What do electron microscopes use to work? -correct
answerElectrons instead of light to form an image. They have a much higher
magnification than light microscopes How are electron microscopes better
than light microscopes? -correct answerThey allow us to see much smaller
things in greater detail since they have a higher magnification and
resolutions. For example, using an electron microscope, we can see the
internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplast Describe the steps to
prepare a slide [Required Practical] -correct answer1) Add a drop of water to
the middle of a clean slide 2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers.
Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one the
layers 3)Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tisse into the water on the
,slide 4) Add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain which is used
to highlight objects in the cell by adding colour to them 5) Place a cover slip
on top. To do this, stand the cover slip upright on the slide, next to the water
droplet. Then carefully tilt and lower it so it covers the specimen. Try not to
get any air bubbles underneath it - they'll obstruct your view of the specimen
Describe the steps needed to use a light microscope to look at your slide
[Required Practical] -correct answer1) Clip the slide you've prepared onto the
stage 2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens 3) Use the coarse
adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens 4)
Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage
downwards until the image is roughly in focus. 5) Adjust the focus with the
fine adjustment knob, until you get a clear image of what's on the slide 6) If
you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-
powered objective lens and refocus What is cell differentiation? -correct
answerCell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become
specialised for its job. What is cell specialisation? -correct answerThe process
of cells as they develop depending on their location in a tissue or organ.
What is a stem cell? -correct answerA type of undifferentiated which are able
to become any type of cell How are sperm cells specialised? -correct
answerFor reproduction: they have a long tail and a streamlined head to help
it swim to the egg, there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the
energy needed and it also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the
egg cell membrane How are nerve cells specialised? -correct answerFor rapid
signalling: these cells are long to cover more distances and have branched
connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network
throughout the body How are muscle cells specialised? -correct answerFor
contraction: these cells are long so that they have space to contract and
have lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
How are root hair cells specialised? -correct answerFor absorbing water and
minerals: they grow into long "hairs" that stick out into the soil. This gives
the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the
soil How are phloem and xylem cells specialised? -correct answerFor
transporting substances: phloem cells form phloem tubes and xylem cells
form xylem tubes which transport substances such as food and water around
plants - the cells are joined end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the centre
and phloem cells have few sub cellular structures, so that stuff can flow
through them Define the term chromosome -correct answerCoiled up lengths
of DNA molecules, they contain your genetic information How many pairs of
chromosomes are there in humans? -correct answer23 What is mitosis? -
correct answerPart of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is
, pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division
What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? -correct answerFor
growth, development and repair What is the end result of mitosis? -correct
answer2 identical daughter cells What are stages of growth and DNA
replication during mitosis? -correct answer1) In a cell that's not dividing, the
DNA is all spread out in long strings 2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow
and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and
ribosomes 3) It then duplicates its DNA - so there's one copy for each new
cell. The DNA is coped and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each 'arm' of the
chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other. What are the stages of
mitosis? -correct answerOnce its contents and DNA have been copied, the
cell is ready for mitosis: 4) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to
opposite ends of the cell 5) Membranes form around each of the sets of
chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus
has divided 6) Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide: the cell has
now produced two new daughter cells. The daughter cells contain exactly the
same DNA - they're identical. Their DNA is also identical to the parent cell
Where are stem cells found in the human body? -correct answerEarly human
embryos, bone marrow and umbilical cords What can stem cells from
embryos and bone marrow do? -correct answerProduce clones and made to
differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research How can
stem cells cure diseases? -correct answerBy replacing faulty cells (e.g. faulty
blood cells), by making insulin-producing cells for people with diabetes,
nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries What is the name for the
type of cloning that gives the offspring the identical genetic informations as
the patient? -correct answerTherapeutic cloning Why are some people
against stem cell research? -correct answerThey feel that human embryos
shouldn't be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life
Where can stem cells be found in plants? -correct answerMeristem Why is
producing identical plants important? -correct answerRare species can be
cloned (this prevents them from being wiped out), farmers can use them to
grow identical crops with a desired characteristic, for example disease
resistance. Define diffusion -correct answerThe movement of particles from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the
concentration gradient What factors effect effect the rate of diffusion? -
correct answerThe size of the concentration gradient (the bigger the
gradient, the faster the rate) and the temperature (the higher the
temperature, the faster the rate) Define osmosis -correct answerThe
movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area
is a prokaryotic cell? -correct answerA cell without a nucleus Give an
example of a prokaryote (Prokaryotic cell) -correct answerBacteria What is a
eukaryotic cell? -correct answercell with a nucleus Give two examples of
eukaryotic cells -correct answerPlant & Animal cells What three sub-cellular
structures do plant cells have which animal cells do not? -correct
answerPermanent vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts What is the function of
the nucleus? -correct answerContains genetic materials that controls the
activities of the cell What is the function of the cytoplasm? -correct answerA
gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains
enzymes that control these reactions What is the function of the cell
membrane? -correct answerHolds the cell together and controls the passage
of substances What is the function of the mitochondria? -correct
answerThese are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take
place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work What is the
function of the ribosome? -correct answerThese are were proteins are made
in the cell through protein synthesis What is the function of the cell wall? -
correct answerTo strengthen and support the cell What is the function of the
vacuole? -correct answerContains cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and
salts), it keeps the cell turgid What is the function of the chloroplast? -correct
answerThis is where photosynthesis takes place, which makes food for the
plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the
light required for photosynthesis What do bacterial cells have instead of a
nucleus? -correct answerA single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in
the cytoplasm, and some may also contain one or more small rings of DNA
called plasmids. How many mm are in um? -correct answer1000 What do
light microscopes use to work? -correct answerLight and lenses to form an
image of a specimen. They let us see individual cells and large sub cellular
structures such as nuclei What is the formula triangle for magnification? -
correct answer What do electron microscopes use to work? -correct
answerElectrons instead of light to form an image. They have a much higher
magnification than light microscopes How are electron microscopes better
than light microscopes? -correct answerThey allow us to see much smaller
things in greater detail since they have a higher magnification and
resolutions. For example, using an electron microscope, we can see the
internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplast Describe the steps to
prepare a slide [Required Practical] -correct answer1) Add a drop of water to
the middle of a clean slide 2) Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers.
Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one the
layers 3)Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tisse into the water on the
,slide 4) Add a drop of iodine solution. Iodine solution is a stain which is used
to highlight objects in the cell by adding colour to them 5) Place a cover slip
on top. To do this, stand the cover slip upright on the slide, next to the water
droplet. Then carefully tilt and lower it so it covers the specimen. Try not to
get any air bubbles underneath it - they'll obstruct your view of the specimen
Describe the steps needed to use a light microscope to look at your slide
[Required Practical] -correct answer1) Clip the slide you've prepared onto the
stage 2) Select the lowest-powered objective lens 3) Use the coarse
adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens 4)
Look down the eyepiece. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage
downwards until the image is roughly in focus. 5) Adjust the focus with the
fine adjustment knob, until you get a clear image of what's on the slide 6) If
you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher-
powered objective lens and refocus What is cell differentiation? -correct
answerCell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become
specialised for its job. What is cell specialisation? -correct answerThe process
of cells as they develop depending on their location in a tissue or organ.
What is a stem cell? -correct answerA type of undifferentiated which are able
to become any type of cell How are sperm cells specialised? -correct
answerFor reproduction: they have a long tail and a streamlined head to help
it swim to the egg, there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the
energy needed and it also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the
egg cell membrane How are nerve cells specialised? -correct answerFor rapid
signalling: these cells are long to cover more distances and have branched
connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network
throughout the body How are muscle cells specialised? -correct answerFor
contraction: these cells are long so that they have space to contract and
have lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
How are root hair cells specialised? -correct answerFor absorbing water and
minerals: they grow into long "hairs" that stick out into the soil. This gives
the plant a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the
soil How are phloem and xylem cells specialised? -correct answerFor
transporting substances: phloem cells form phloem tubes and xylem cells
form xylem tubes which transport substances such as food and water around
plants - the cells are joined end to end. Xylem cells are hollow in the centre
and phloem cells have few sub cellular structures, so that stuff can flow
through them Define the term chromosome -correct answerCoiled up lengths
of DNA molecules, they contain your genetic information How many pairs of
chromosomes are there in humans? -correct answer23 What is mitosis? -
correct answerPart of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is
, pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division
What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms? -correct answerFor
growth, development and repair What is the end result of mitosis? -correct
answer2 identical daughter cells What are stages of growth and DNA
replication during mitosis? -correct answer1) In a cell that's not dividing, the
DNA is all spread out in long strings 2) Before it divides, the cell has to grow
and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and
ribosomes 3) It then duplicates its DNA - so there's one copy for each new
cell. The DNA is coped and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each 'arm' of the
chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other. What are the stages of
mitosis? -correct answerOnce its contents and DNA have been copied, the
cell is ready for mitosis: 4) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to
opposite ends of the cell 5) Membranes form around each of the sets of
chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus
has divided 6) Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide: the cell has
now produced two new daughter cells. The daughter cells contain exactly the
same DNA - they're identical. Their DNA is also identical to the parent cell
Where are stem cells found in the human body? -correct answerEarly human
embryos, bone marrow and umbilical cords What can stem cells from
embryos and bone marrow do? -correct answerProduce clones and made to
differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research How can
stem cells cure diseases? -correct answerBy replacing faulty cells (e.g. faulty
blood cells), by making insulin-producing cells for people with diabetes,
nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries What is the name for the
type of cloning that gives the offspring the identical genetic informations as
the patient? -correct answerTherapeutic cloning Why are some people
against stem cell research? -correct answerThey feel that human embryos
shouldn't be used for experiments since each one is a potential human life
Where can stem cells be found in plants? -correct answerMeristem Why is
producing identical plants important? -correct answerRare species can be
cloned (this prevents them from being wiped out), farmers can use them to
grow identical crops with a desired characteristic, for example disease
resistance. Define diffusion -correct answerThe movement of particles from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the
concentration gradient What factors effect effect the rate of diffusion? -
correct answerThe size of the concentration gradient (the bigger the
gradient, the faster the rate) and the temperature (the higher the
temperature, the faster the rate) Define osmosis -correct answerThe
movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area
