Davita PCT Final Exam Study Guide Questions and
Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers)
Fluid pushed thru a semipermeable membrane
Ultrafiltration
Known as solute drag, solute move w/ water across the semipermeable
membrane. kidneys remove waste this way
Convection
Movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane
from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Fluid move from low to high solute concentration
Osmosis
1) Fluid Balance (ultrafiltration)
2) Electrolyte balance (diffusion)
3) Acid/Base balance
Kidneys excretory functions
1) Renin (angiotensin aldosterone system)
2) Erythropoiesis
3) Vitamin D & Calcium regulation
Kidneys endocrine functions
Function of Bicarbonate
Maintains acid-base balance and help clean blood by functioning as the primary buffer
in the body
How do we replace excretory functions?
Hemodialysis removes urea, salt, excess water from blood which normalizes
electrolytes and metabolic acidosis
Hormones replaced by medications such as Epogen, Iron, Antihypertensive (ACE
inhibitors), Phosphate binders, Vitamins D, Calcimetric agents
How we replace endocrine functions?
1) Edema & Pulmonary Edema
2) Hypertension
3) Chronic Heart Failure
4) Shortness of breath
5) Headaches
Signs & symptoms of fluid imbalance
Hypertension leads to
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
Why is sodium balance important?
Sodium holds onto water, thirst and blood pressure control
1) Extreme muscle weakness
2) Irregular heart rhythm (Brady)
3) Wide QRS
4) Cardia arrest
Signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia
,1. Fatigue
2. Muscle weakness
3. Respiratory failure
4. Irritable heart muscle
4. Dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)
6. Cardia arrest
Signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia
Lack of Erythropoeitin
Primary cause of anemia
Secondary Cause of anemia?
blood loss
1) Heparin lines are clamped
2) Wait 3-5 min after Heparin dose
3) Proper priming
How to prevent blood loss
What is the sac inflammation of the heart that is indicated by fever, hearing rub,
low blood pressure, and chest pain?
Pericarditis
1) Lower heparin
2) More dialysis
3) More antibiotics & anti-inflammatory meds
Treatment of Pericarditis
Recommend fatty lotions, lukewarm water, antihistamine (allergy relievers), pat
not rub skin dry and checking phosphorus levels
If patient is complaining of dry, itchy skin
What would you do if patient complaints of Peripheral Neuropathy (nerve pain)?
Check water temperature, wear good shoes, no barefeet, and observe/inspect feet
1) Calcium
2) Phosphorus
3) PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
4) Calcium/Vitamin D
Four key elements affected in CKD-MBD
What is AKI?
Acute Renal Injury (Failure), Kidneys can't filter waste from blood on their own.
1) Blood loss (Hemorrhaging)
2) Blood clots
3) Burns
Not getting blood flow to kidneys
Examples of Pre- renal causes of AKI
1) Medications
2) Dyes
Not getting blood inside the kidneys
Examples of Intra- renal causes of AKI
1. Kidney stones
2. Neurogenic bladder
, 3. Vesicoureteral reflux (reflux from bladder > ureter)
Blockage to kidneys
Examples of Post-renal causes of AKI
1) Removing blockages
2) Managing blood loss
3) Dialysis till kidneys functions
How to help in restoring kidney function
How do you protect kidneys from further injury?
Keeping a patient more "wet" than dry stimulates the kidneys to keep working and make
urine. Be aware of dyes
What is important when monitoring weight and BP?
Hypovolemia and hypotension episodes can cause renal/schiema and further damage
to kidneys
AKI patients are risk of ?
Kidney infections
1) Risk at infections
2) Access may not run well
Things to consider with vascular access (CVC)
Difference between AKI & CKD
Acute: some urine production/kidney function ( Temporary
Chronic: no urine & kidney function (permeant)
1) Immunocompromised because of kidney failure
2) Technicians going from patient to patient
Are what makes dialysis patients more susceptible to HAIs (Healthcare Associated
Infections)
1) Prolonged access to patient's blood during hemodialysis
2) Bacterial infections especially w/ CVC's
Reasons why dialysis patients have an increase risk for acquiring a HAI at the facility
What is the difference between OSHA and CMS infection control requirements?
OSHA (employers providing a safe workplace)
CMS (patient care & safety)
What are v-tags and why are they important
CMS/State regulations to be met to state guidelines important for infection control
Which V-tags are relative for patient care and safety?
110-148
1) Surgical masks
2) Sterile gloves/gown
3) Avoid touching exposed surfaces
Three strategies recommended by KDOQI to decrease risk of infection when working w/
CVC's
Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) are performed...?
Monthly
Anti-HBs
Hepatitis B surface antibody
Anti-HBclgm
Hepatitis B Core antibody
Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers)
Fluid pushed thru a semipermeable membrane
Ultrafiltration
Known as solute drag, solute move w/ water across the semipermeable
membrane. kidneys remove waste this way
Convection
Movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane
from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Fluid move from low to high solute concentration
Osmosis
1) Fluid Balance (ultrafiltration)
2) Electrolyte balance (diffusion)
3) Acid/Base balance
Kidneys excretory functions
1) Renin (angiotensin aldosterone system)
2) Erythropoiesis
3) Vitamin D & Calcium regulation
Kidneys endocrine functions
Function of Bicarbonate
Maintains acid-base balance and help clean blood by functioning as the primary buffer
in the body
How do we replace excretory functions?
Hemodialysis removes urea, salt, excess water from blood which normalizes
electrolytes and metabolic acidosis
Hormones replaced by medications such as Epogen, Iron, Antihypertensive (ACE
inhibitors), Phosphate binders, Vitamins D, Calcimetric agents
How we replace endocrine functions?
1) Edema & Pulmonary Edema
2) Hypertension
3) Chronic Heart Failure
4) Shortness of breath
5) Headaches
Signs & symptoms of fluid imbalance
Hypertension leads to
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
Why is sodium balance important?
Sodium holds onto water, thirst and blood pressure control
1) Extreme muscle weakness
2) Irregular heart rhythm (Brady)
3) Wide QRS
4) Cardia arrest
Signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia
,1. Fatigue
2. Muscle weakness
3. Respiratory failure
4. Irritable heart muscle
4. Dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)
6. Cardia arrest
Signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia
Lack of Erythropoeitin
Primary cause of anemia
Secondary Cause of anemia?
blood loss
1) Heparin lines are clamped
2) Wait 3-5 min after Heparin dose
3) Proper priming
How to prevent blood loss
What is the sac inflammation of the heart that is indicated by fever, hearing rub,
low blood pressure, and chest pain?
Pericarditis
1) Lower heparin
2) More dialysis
3) More antibiotics & anti-inflammatory meds
Treatment of Pericarditis
Recommend fatty lotions, lukewarm water, antihistamine (allergy relievers), pat
not rub skin dry and checking phosphorus levels
If patient is complaining of dry, itchy skin
What would you do if patient complaints of Peripheral Neuropathy (nerve pain)?
Check water temperature, wear good shoes, no barefeet, and observe/inspect feet
1) Calcium
2) Phosphorus
3) PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
4) Calcium/Vitamin D
Four key elements affected in CKD-MBD
What is AKI?
Acute Renal Injury (Failure), Kidneys can't filter waste from blood on their own.
1) Blood loss (Hemorrhaging)
2) Blood clots
3) Burns
Not getting blood flow to kidneys
Examples of Pre- renal causes of AKI
1) Medications
2) Dyes
Not getting blood inside the kidneys
Examples of Intra- renal causes of AKI
1. Kidney stones
2. Neurogenic bladder
, 3. Vesicoureteral reflux (reflux from bladder > ureter)
Blockage to kidneys
Examples of Post-renal causes of AKI
1) Removing blockages
2) Managing blood loss
3) Dialysis till kidneys functions
How to help in restoring kidney function
How do you protect kidneys from further injury?
Keeping a patient more "wet" than dry stimulates the kidneys to keep working and make
urine. Be aware of dyes
What is important when monitoring weight and BP?
Hypovolemia and hypotension episodes can cause renal/schiema and further damage
to kidneys
AKI patients are risk of ?
Kidney infections
1) Risk at infections
2) Access may not run well
Things to consider with vascular access (CVC)
Difference between AKI & CKD
Acute: some urine production/kidney function ( Temporary
Chronic: no urine & kidney function (permeant)
1) Immunocompromised because of kidney failure
2) Technicians going from patient to patient
Are what makes dialysis patients more susceptible to HAIs (Healthcare Associated
Infections)
1) Prolonged access to patient's blood during hemodialysis
2) Bacterial infections especially w/ CVC's
Reasons why dialysis patients have an increase risk for acquiring a HAI at the facility
What is the difference between OSHA and CMS infection control requirements?
OSHA (employers providing a safe workplace)
CMS (patient care & safety)
What are v-tags and why are they important
CMS/State regulations to be met to state guidelines important for infection control
Which V-tags are relative for patient care and safety?
110-148
1) Surgical masks
2) Sterile gloves/gown
3) Avoid touching exposed surfaces
Three strategies recommended by KDOQI to decrease risk of infection when working w/
CVC's
Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) are performed...?
Monthly
Anti-HBs
Hepatitis B surface antibody
Anti-HBclgm
Hepatitis B Core antibody
