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Mixed Signal Design UNIT 2

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CHAPTER 3 Differential Amplifiers 3.1 Differential signaling 3.2 Basic differential Pair 3.2.1 Large-Signal Common-mode Analysis 3.2.2 Large-Signal Differential Analysis 3.2.3 Small-Signal Differential Analysis 3.2.4 Small-Signal Common-mode Analysis 3.3 Qualitative Analysis 3.4 Quantitative Analysis 3.5 Common-Mode Response 3.5.1 Mismatch in Load 3.5.2 Mismatch in Transistor gm’s 3.6 Differential Amplifier with MOS loads CHAPTER 4 Current Mirrors 4.1 Basic Current Mirror 4.1.1 Current Mirror with Source Degeneration 4.2 Cascode Current Mirrors 4.2.1 Cascode Current Mirror with Improved Output Voltage Swing 4.2.2 Low voltage current mirror

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19EC6PCMSD Mixed Signal Design
6th Semester B. E. Class Notes


Dr. Rajath Vasudevamurthy

March – June 2021

,Contents

1 Physics of MOS Transistors 5
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 Why Silicon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 CMOS Fabrication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.3 Photolithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Physics of MOS Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Transistor Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2 Modeling of the MOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 Transconductance and Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.4 Channel length modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.5 Body effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.6 Velocity Saturation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Small-signal model (low frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Small-signal parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Transistor biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Single Stage Amplifiers 16
2.1 Common Source amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.1 Resistive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.2 PMOS (current source) load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.3 Diode-connected load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Common Source amplifier with source degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Source follower (Common Drain Amplifier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Common Gate amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Common Source Common Gate (CS-CG) cascode amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.1 Superior gain than single transistor for same voltage swing . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.2 Shielding property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.6 Folded Cascode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 Differential Amplifiers 36
3.1 Differential signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Basic differential Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 Large-Signal Common-mode Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 Large-Signal Differential Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.3 Small-Signal Differential Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.4 Small-Signal Common-mode Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3 Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2

, CONTENTS 3

3.5 Common-Mode Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5.1 Mismatch in Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.2 Mismatch in Transistor gm ’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.6 Differential Amplifier with MOS loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4 Current Mirrors 53
4.1 Basic Current Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.1 Current Mirror with Source Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2 Cascode Current Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2.1 Cascode Current Mirror with Improved Output Voltage Swing . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.2 Low voltage current mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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Uploaded on
July 8, 2023
Number of pages
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Written in
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Dr. rajath vasudevamurthy
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